Several countries located in Central America and the Caribbean registered some of the highest homicide rates in the Latin American region in 2023. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ranked first, with around 51.32 homicides committed per 100,000 inhabitants. Jamaica came in second with 49.44 homicides per 100,000 people. The source defines intentional homicide as the unlawful death inflicted upon a person with the intent to cause death or serious injury. When it comes to the total case count, Brazil was the Latin American country with the largest number of homicide victims. Central America and the falling rates El Salvador was commonly named the murder capital of the world for a few years. The inability of previous governments to control organized crime and gangs resulted in the highest homicide rate in the world for a couple of years. Nonetheless, the current administration and the measures applied during the emergency state had an incredibly positive impact in terms of the security of the Salvadorean citizens. But not only El Salvador has seen a considerable reduction in its murder rate in Central America. Honduras and Guatemala are also two great examples of crime reduction, introducing new policies, institutions, and changes to their judicial system to achieve better results. The Caribbean is still ridden by crime Some islands in the Caribbean are not only known as tax heavens, as some nations in the region are considered the main enablers of tax evasion in the world, but also for being ridden by crime. Haiti is one example of the still-rising levels of criminality. As a country with precarious conditions and extreme food insecurity, the homicide rate has been on the rise for almost four consecutive years. Another one is Jamaica, at the top of the Latin American ranking, that has also seen an increase in the youth involved in organized crime due to lack of employment and economic conditions.

The research project is a subproject of the research association “Strengthening of integration potentials within a modern society” (Scientific head: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Heitmeyer, Bielefeld) which contains 17 subprojects and is supported by the ministry of education and research.
In almost all the economically highly developed countries violent crime increased significantly in the second part of the last century - in contrast to the long term trend of decline of individual (non-governmental) violence since the beginning of modern times. The authors develop an explanatory approach for these facts which is inspired mainly by Norbert Elias´s civilization theory and Emil Durkheim´s theory on society. Detailed time series on the development of different forms of violent crime are presented and set in relation with certain aspects of economic and social structural changes in three countries and also refer to the changes in integration of modern societies. The analysis deals especially with effectivity and legitimacy of the governmental monopoly of violence, the public beneficial security and power system, forms of building social capital, economic and social inequality, precarity of employment, different aspects of increasing economization of society, changes in family structures and usage of mass media and modern communication technologies.

Register of tables in HISTAT:

A: Crime statistics

A.01 Frequency of types of crimes in different countries (1953-2000) A.02 Suspects by crimes of 100.000 inhabitants of Germany, England and Sweden (1955-1998) A.03 Murders, manslaughter and intentional injuries by other persons by sex of 100.000 persons after the statistics of causes of death (1953-2000) A.04 Clearance rate by types of crimes in Germany, England and Sweden (1953-1997) A.05 Prisoners of 100.000 inhabitants of Germany, Great Britain and Sweden (1950-2000)

B: Key indicators for economic development in Germany, Great Britain, Sweden and the USA

B1: Data on the overall economic framework

B1.01 Percent changes in the real GDP per capita in purchasing power parities (1956-1987) B1.02 Percent changes in GDP per capita in prices from 2000 (1955-1998) B1.03 GDP of Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom in purchasing power parities in percent og the US GDP (1950-1992) B1.04 Labor productivity index for different countries, base: USA 1996 = 100 (1950-1999) B1.05 GDP per hour of labor in different countries in EKS-$ from 1999 (1950-2003) B1.06 Foreign trade - exports and imports in percent of the GDP of different countries (1949-2003) B1.07 GDP, wages and Unit-Labor-Cost in different countries (1960-2003)

B2: Unemployment

B2.01 Standardized unemployment rate in different countries with regard to the entire working population (1960-2003) B2.02 Share of long-term unemployed of the total number of unemployed in different countries in percent (1992-2004) B2.03 Youth unemployment in different countries in percent (1970-2004) B2.04 Unemployment rate in percent by sex in different countries (1963-2000)

B3: Employment

B3.01 Employment rate in percent in different countries (1960-2000) B3.02 Share of fixed-term employees and persons in dependent employment in percent in different countries (1983-2004) B3.03 Share of part-time employees by sex compared to the entire working population in different countries (1973-2000) B3.04 Share of un-voluntarily part-time employees by sex in different countries (1983-2003) B3.05 Share of contract workers in different countries in percent of the entire working population (1975-2002) B3.06 Share of self-employed persons in different countries in percent of the entire working population (1970-2004) B3.07 Shift worker rate in different countries in percent (1992-2005) B3.08 Yearly working hours per employee in different countries (1950-2004) B3.09 Employment by sectors in different countries (1950-2003) B3.10 Share of employees in public civil services in percent of the population between 15 and 64 years in different countries (1960-1999) B3.11 Female population, female employees and female workers in percent of the population between 16 and 64 years in different countries (1960-2000) B3.12 Employees, self-employed persons in percent of the entire working population in different countries (1960-2000)

B4: Taxes and duties

B4.01 Taxes and social security contributions in percent of the GDP (1965-2002) B4.02 Social expenditure in percent of the GDP (1965-2002) B4.03 Social expenditure in perc...

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Global Youth Justice Inc.

【リソース】WHITE PAPER ON CRIME 2003 / / PREFACE / NOTES / Outline_1 / Trends in general penal code offenses excluding larceny / Trends in larceny / Trends in noteworthy penal code offenses / Outline_2 / Trends in special law offenses / Trends in traffic offenses / Treatment of traffic offenders / Trends in drug offenses / Crackdown status of drug offenses / Treatment of drug offenders / Tax evasion offenses / Economic offenses / Other economic offenses / Trends in offenses related to elections / Trends in the application of the regulation holding a candidate jointly responsible / Overview of high-technology related offenses / Measures against high-technology related offenses / Trends in firearm offenses / Disposition by public prosecutors offices and courts on Firearms and Swords Control Law violations / Trends in organized crime groups / Trends in offenses by organized crime groups / Treatment of organized crime group members / Offenses by Foreign Nationals / Trends of foreign nationals entering Japan / Trends in crimes by foreign nationals / Treatment of foreign offenders (received by public prosecutors offices) / Treatment of foreign offenders (disposition by courts) / Correction and rehabilitation of foreign offenders / Offenses by Public Officials / Overview_1 / Bribery and graft / Others / Penal code offenses committed by females / Special law offenses committed by females / Treatment of female offenders / Offenses by Mentally Disabled Persons / Trends in offenses committed by mentally disabled persons, etc. / Type of offense committed by insane persons or quasi-insane persons and type of mental disability they suffered / The mentally disabled in correctional institutions / Offenses Committed by Offenders with Criminal Histories / Offenses Committed by Adults Who Have Criminal Histories / Offenses Committed by Juvenile Offenders with Criminal Histories / Comparison with Crime Trends in Other Countries / Major Offenses / Homicide / Larceny / Overseas Travel and Overseas Residence by Japanese Nationals / Offenses Committed by Japanese Nationals Overseas / Offenses Committed against Japanese Nationals Overseas / Overview of Treatment_1 / Overview_2 / Reception of Suspected Cases / Arrest and Detention of Suspects / Disposition of Suspected Cases / Overview_3 / Defendants finally judged by trial / The first instance / Appeals / Death penalty / Imprisonment with labor for life / Imprisonment with or without labor for a limited term / Fines / Suspended sentence etc. / Detention and Bail / Criminal Compensation / State of Trials and Sentencing in Cases Involving Aum Shinrikyo Cult Members / Overview_4 / Trends in the average daily number of inmates etc. / Trends in the number of newly imprisoned offenders / Characteristics of newly imprisoned offenders / Reimprisonment / Basic systems for treatment / Prison work / Educational activities / Medical treatment and hygiene, etc. / Security / Grievance systems / Cooperation from the nongovernmental sector / Treatment of Inmates Awaiting Trial / Treatment in Women's Guidance Homes / Overview_5 / Organizations for rehabilitation services / Volunteer probation officers and their organizations / Juridical persons for offenders rehabilitation services / Nongovernmental support organizations / Overview of parole / Administration of parole / Other treatment measures / Overview_6 / State of probationary supervision / Various treatment measures / Treatment during probationary supervision_1 / Results of probationary supervision / Assistance during supervision, and urgent aftercare of discharged offenders / Halfway houses / Amnesties / Crime Prevention Activities / International Cooperation in Criminal Justice / United Nations / Summit meetings of leading countries / Other international conferences / Transnational fugitives from Japan / Extradition of fugitive offenders / Assistance in investigation etc. / Judicial assistance / Damage Due to Crime as Shown by Statistics / Number of Victims / Fatal and Bodily Damage / Property Damage / Victims of Sexual Offenses / Relationship Between Victims and Suspects / Criminal proceedings and victims / Benefit Payment Systems for Crime Victims, Etc. / Benefit payment systems for crime victims etc. / Automobile liability insurance systems / Law Concerning Compensation for Damage to Witnesses etc. / Trends in and Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquency / Trends in the number of juveniles cleared / Trends by age group and gender / Trends by type of offense / Trends in the number of juveniles referred by the police / Drug-related offenses / Traffic offenses / Trends in Status Offenses / Group delinquency / Educational and employment situation of delinquents / Family violence / School violence / Bullying and delinquency / Trends in the delinquent rate / Overview of Treatment_2 / Prosecution of juvenile cases / Juvenile hearing / Criminal trial of juveniles / Overview_7 / Admission and discharge_1 / Classification activities / Overview_8 / Adm

The first paper analyzes the crime situation and trends in criminality in the Republic of China in 2014 and the past decade, using statistics from the police and the Ministry of Health and Welfare. It expands the depth of criminal research to the investigative stage, and includes comparisons of major crime rates and imprisonment rates with the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. The second paper covers the handling of crimes, including investigation, trial, correction, rehabilitation protection, cross-strait and international criminal justice cooperation. The third paper addresses juvenile incidents, including a general overview of juvenile crime and the analysis of the causes of crime, the handling of juvenile incidents, and institutional handling. The fourth paper covers trends and handling of special offenders, including female offenders, drug offenders, elderly offenders, and repeat offenders. The fifth paper covers crime victim protection, including the crime victim protection system, crime victim compensation system, and crime victim protection services. The sixth paper discusses the analysis of crime issues of social concern, and the seventh paper focuses on judicial reform, aimed at clarifying innovative measures including prosecution, correction, judicial protection, anti-corruption, and cross-strait and international judicial reforms. The eighth paper is the conclusion and policy recommendations for future research, summarizing the overall crime situation in 2014 and the various innovative focal points observed in the research, and making corresponding policy and future research recommendations.

BackgroundEvidence indicates that criminal behaviour in youth is linked with a range of negative physical, mental, and social health consequences. Despite a global decrease over the last 30 years, youth crime remains prevalent. Identifying and mapping the most robust risk and protective factors, and intervention strategies for youth crime could offer important keys for predicting future offense outcomes and assist in developing effective preventive and early intervention strategies. Current reviews in the area do not include literature discussing at risk populations such as First Nations groups from countries such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand. This is a critical gap given the disproportionally high rates of incarceration and youth detention among First Nations people globally, particularly in countries with a colonial past. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and map the key risk and protective factors, along with intervention strategies, that are essential for recognizing adolescents and young adults at risk of crime.MethodsThis scoping review protocol has been developed in line with the Arksey and O’Malley framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers’ Manual. The review protocol was preregistered with Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/kg4q3). ProQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycInfo were used to retrieve relevant articles. Grey literature was searched using Google searches and ProQuest dissertations databases. Original research articles examining protective factors, risk factors, and intervention strategies for prevention and reduction of crime in 12-24-year-olds were included. Two independent reviewers conducted eligibility decisions and data extraction. Findings has been reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews.ConclusionAnticipated findings suggest that current research has extensively examined factors across all levels of the socioecological model, from individual to community levels, revealing a predominant focus on individual-level predictors such as substance use, prior criminal history, and moral development. The review is expected to identify effective interventions that address critical factors within each domain, including Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC), which have shown promise in reducing youth crime. Additionally, it will likely highlight significant trends in risk and protective factors, such as the dual role of academic achievement—both as a risk and protective factor—and the impact of family-based interventions. The review will also address gaps in research, particularly regarding Indigenous youth, underscoring the need for targeted studies to better understand their unique challenges. These findings will guide future research and inform the development of comprehensive prevention and early intervention programs tailored to diverse youth populations.

The International Youth Survey (IYS) is the Canadian portion of the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD) which examines the behaviour and misbehaviour of students in grades 7 to 9 in about 30 European countries, United States and Canada. The National Crime Prevention Centre of the federal department of Public Safety sponsored the Canadian survey. The city of Toronto was chosen as the most suitable city where Statistics Canada could conduct the survey and on which the analysis of results would focus. The survey needed to be representative of each of the three grades (7 to 9) and at the grade level, of both sexes. In April 2006, about 3,200 students in 176 schools completed the IYS.

【リソース】WHITE PAPER ON CRIME 2001 / / PREFACE / NOTES / Overview_1 / Trends in major penal code offenses / Trends of noteworthy penal code offenses / Overview_2 / Trends in major special law offenses / Tax evasion offenses / Economic offenses / Offenses related to bankruptcies / Trends in offenses related to elections / Trends in application of the regulation holding a candidate jointly responsible / Trends in computer-related offenses and disposition by public prosecutors offices and courts / Measures against computer-related offenses / Trends in firearm offenses / Disposition by public prosecutors offices and courts on Firearms and Swords Control Law violations / Trends in organized crime groups / Trends in offenses by organized crime groups / Public Official Offenses / Overview_3 / Public official offenses related to duties of officials engaged in criminal justice / Graft / Others / Offenses by Mentally Disabled Persons / Trends in offenses committed by mentally disabled persons, etc. / Disposition by public prosecutors offices and courts for offenses committed by mentally disabled persons, etc. / Characteristics of mentally disabled offenders---focusing on homicide offenders--- / The mentally disabled in correctional institutions / Guerrilla incidents / Intra-group strife / Arrest of persons involved in the Red Army / Offenses Committed by Offenders with Criminal Histories / Offenses committed by adult offenders / Offenses committed by juvenile offenders / Overview of Treatment / Overview_4 / Reception of Suspected Cases / Arrest and Detention of Suspects / Dispositions of Suspected Cases / Overview_5 / Defendants finally judged by trial / The first instance / Appeals / Death sentence / Imprisonment with labor for life / Imprisonment with or without labor for a limited term / Fines / Suspended sentence / Detention and Bail / Criminal Compensation / State of Trials and Sentencing in Cases Involving Aum Shinrikyo Cult Members / Overview_6 / Trends in the average daily number of inmates, etc. / Trends in the number of new inmates (excluding inmates awaiting trial) / Characteristics of new inmates (excluding inmates awaiting trial) / Reimprisonment / Basic systems for treatment / Prison work / Educational activities / Medical treatment and hygiene / Security / System of grievance / Cooperation from the nongovernmental sector / Imprisonment of members of organized crime groups / Characteristics of designated organized crime group members who were newly imprisoned / Treatment in penal institutions / Treatment of Inmates Awaiting Trial / Treatment in Women's Guidance Homes / Overview_7 / Organizations for the rehabilitation services / Volunteer probation officers and their organizations / Juridical persons for offenders rehabilitation services / Nongovernmental support organizations / Overview of parole / Administration of parole / Other measures_1 / Overview_8 / State of probationary supervision / Other measures_2 / Results of implementation of probationary supervision / Assistance during supervision, urgent aftercare of discharged offenders / Halfway houses / Amnesties / Crime Prevention Activities / Damage Due to Crime as Shown by Statistics / Fatal and bodily damage / Property damage / Damage due to sexual offenses / Relationship between victims and suspects / Overview_9 / Survey results in Japan / Comparison with other countries / Criminal proceedings and victims / Benefit payment systems for crime victims, etc. / Trends in and Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquency / Trends in the number of cleared juveniles and relevant rates / Trends by age group / Trends by category of offenses / Trends in the number of juveniles referred by the police / Drug-related / Traffic offenses / Trends in Status Offenses / Group delinquency / Family and delinquency / School and delinquency / Bullying and delinquency / Overview of amendment to the Juvenile Law / Overview of treatment of juvenile delinquents under the Amended Juvenile Law / Prosecution in juvenile cases / Juvenile hearing / Criminal trial of juveniles / Admission and discharge_1 / Classification activities / Overview_10 / Admission and discharge_2 / Characteristics of newly admitted juveniles / Treatment in juvenile training schools / Overview_11 / Conditions of detention and characteristics of juvenile inmates / Outline of treatment of juvenile inmates / Overview_12 / Trends in probationary supervision cases / Characteristics of juveniles on probationary supervision / Status of treatment in probationary supervision / Various systems / Result of probationary supervision / Increasing General Penal Code Offenses---Focusing on Larceny / Increase in the number of reported penal code offenses and reported cases of larceny / Trends in major types of larceny according to the number of reported cases / Trends in nature of larceny according to the numbers of cleared cases and persons cleared / Clearance rates and number of cleared cases of larceny / Dispositions by pu

【リソース】WHITE PAPER ON CRIME 2011 / / PREFACE / NOTES / Section 1 Principal Data_1 / 1 Reported cases and crime rate / 2 Persons cleared / 3 Clearance rate / 1 Theft / 2 Non-traffic penal code offenses excluding theft / Section 1 Principal Data_2 / Section 2 Major Special Act Offenses / 1 Public security / 2 Environment/public morals / 3 Child Welfare Act violations, etc. / 4 Anti-Stalking Act violations, etc. / 5 Public Offices Election Act violations / 1 Trends in traffic offenses / 2 Disposition in public prosecutors offices_1 / 3 Disposition in courts / 1 Tax related offenses / 2 Economic offenses / 3 Intellectual property related offenses / 1 Trends in high-technology offenses / 2 Disposition in public prosecutors offices_2 / Chapter 4 Comparison of Crime Trends with Other Countries / Section 1 Major Offenses / Section 2 Homicide / Section 3 Theft / Section 1 Offenses Committed by Japanese Nationals Outside of Japan / Section 2 Offenses Committed against Japanese Nationals Outside of Japan / Chapter 1 Overview / 1 Procedure in public prosecutors offices / 2 Procedure in courts / 3 Treatment through the correction procedure / 4 Treatment through the rehabilitation procedure / Section 1 Reception of Suspected Cases / Section 2 Arrest and Detention of Suspects / Section 3 Disposition in Public Prosecutors Offices / Section 1 Final Judgments / 1 Conclusive dispositions / 2 Sentencing / 3 Pretrial arrangement proceeding / 4 Speedy trial procedure / 5 Detention and bail / Section 3 Summary Trial Procedure / Section 4 Appeals / Chapter 4 Correction of Adult Offenders / 1 Number of inmates in penal institutions / 2 Occupancy rate of penal institutions / 3 Number of new inmates / 4 Characteristics of new inmates / 1 Overview of treatment / 2 Work / 3 Correctional guidance / 4 Provision of information regarding the release, etc. of inmates / 1 Penal Institution Visiting Committee / 2 Provision of food, medical care, health guards, etc. / 3 Private sector cooperation / 4 Maintenance of discipline and order / 5 Appeal system / Section 4 Treatment of Inmates Awaiting Judgments, etc. / Section 5 Maintenance and Management of Penal Institutions in a Partnership between the Public and Private Sectors / Chapter 5 Rehabilitation Services / Section 1 Parole / 1 Parole examination / 2 Number of parolees / 3 Rate of served terms of imprisonment / 4 Life imprisonment inmates granted release on parole / Section 2 Probation/Parole Supervision / 1 Number of probationers/parolees / 2 Treatment of probationers/parolees / 3 Measures for probationers/parolees / 4 Termination of probation/parole supervision / 1 Urgent aid, etc. and aftercare of discharged offenders / 2 Halfway houses / Section 4 Pardons / 1 Volunteer probation officers / 2 Private supporters/support organizations / 3 Crime prevention activities / Section 1 Trends in International Criminal Justice Efforts / 1 Measures against transnational organized crime and terrorism / 2 Measures against drug-related crimes / 3 Measures against money laundering / 4 Measures against crimes against children / 5 Measures against bribery and corruption / 6 Measures against cybercrime / 7 The International Criminal Court / 1 Transnational fugitives from Japan / 2 Extradition of fugitives / 3 Transfer of sentenced persons / 1 Assistance in investigations / 2 Judicial assistance / 1 Cooperation in training at UNAFEI / 2 Technical assistance in the legal field / Section 1 Overview / 1 Procedure until referral to a family court / 2 Procedure in a family court / 3 Procedure for protective measures / 1 Public prosecutors offices (until referral to a family court) / 2 Family courts / 1 Admission and discharge / 2 Classification activities / 1 Juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools / 2 Treatment provided at juvenile training schools / 3 Discharged juveniles / Section 5 Probation/Parole Supervision for Juveniles / 1 Juvenile probationers/parolees / 2 Treatment of juvenile probationers/parolees / 3 Measures for juvenile probationers/parolees / 4 Termination of probation/parole supervision for juveniles / 1 Prosecution and criminal trials / 2 Execution of sentence / 3 Parole / 1 Disposition in public prosecutors offices_1 / 2 Sentencing in a court of first instance / Section 3 Juvenile Inmates / 1 New foreign national entrants / 2 Foreign nationals illegally overstaying / 3 Deportation / 1 Penal code offenses_1 / 2 Special act offenses_1 / 1 Disposition in public prosecutors offices_2 / 2 Disposition in courts_1 / 3 Correction_1 / 4 Probation/parole supervision_1 / 1 Trends in foreign national juvenile offenders / 2 Treatment of foreign national juvenile delinquents / Section 1 Trends with Organized Crime Group Members / 1 Persons cleared / 2 Firearm offenses / 1 Disposition in public prosecutors offices_3 / 2 Correction_1 / 3 Probation/parole supervision_1 / 1 Stimulants Control Act violations / 2 Cannabis Control Act violations, etc. / 3 Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Cont

Goal 16Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levelsTarget 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhereIndicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and ageVC_IHR_PSRC: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex (victims per 100,000 population)VC_IHR_PSRCN: Number of victims of intentional homicide, by sex (number)Indicator 16.1.2: Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and causeVC_DTH_TOCV: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians) per 100,000 population (Per 100,000 population)VC_DTH_TOCVN: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (Number)VC_DTH_TOCVR: Conflict-related death rate (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (%)Indicator 16.1.3: Proportion of population subjected to (a) physical violence, (b) psychological violence and (c) sexual violence in the previous 12 monthsVC_VOV_PHYL: Proportion of population subjected to physical violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_ROBB: Proportion of population subjected to robbery in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_SEXL: Proportion of population subjected to sexual violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)Indicator 16.1.4: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they liveVC_SNS_WALN: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live (%)Target 16.2: End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of childrenIndicator 16.2.1: Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past monthVC_VAW_PHYPYV: Proportion of children aged 1-14 years who experienced physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in last month (% of children aged 1-14 years)Indicator 16.2.2: Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitationVC_HTF_DETVFL: Detected victims of human trafficking for forced labour, servitude and slavery, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOP: Detected victims of human trafficking for other purposes, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOG: Detected victims of human trafficking for removal of organ, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVSX: Detected victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitaton, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETV: Detected victims of human trafficking, by age and sex (number)Indicator 16.2.3: Proportion of young women and men aged 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18VC_VAW_SXVLN: Proportion of population aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18, by sex (% of population aged 18-29)Target 16.3: Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for allIndicator 16.3.1: Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanismsVC_PRR_PHYV: Police reporting rate for physical assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_SEXV: Police reporting rate for sexual assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_ROBB: Police reporting rate for robbery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.3.2: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison populationVC_PRS_UNSNT: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population (%)Indicator 16.3.3: Proportion of the population who have experienced a dispute in the past two years and who accessed a formal or informal dispute resolution mechanism, by type of mechanismTarget 16.4: By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crimeIndicator 16.4.1: Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars)Indicator 16.4.2: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsVC_ARM_SZTRACE: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsTarget 16.5: Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their formsIndicator 16.5.1: Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 monthsIU_COR_BRIB: Prevalence rate of bribery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.5.2: Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 monthsIC_FRM_BRIB: Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levelsIndicator 16.6.1: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)GF_XPD_GBPC: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget (%)Indicator 16.6.2: Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public servicesTarget 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levelsIndicator 16.7.1: Proportions of positions in national and local institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groupsSG_DMK_PARLCC_JC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Joint CommitteesSG_DMK_PARLMP_LC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLSP_LC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex , Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLCC_LC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLMP_UC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLSP_UC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLCC_UC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYR_LC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLYP_LC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_LC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (Number)SG_DMK_PARLYR_UC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYP_UC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_UC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (Number)Indicator 16.7.2: Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population groupTarget 16.8: Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governanceIndicator 16.8.1: Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizationsSG_INT_MBRDEV: Proportion of members of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)SG_INT_VRTDEV: Proportion of voting rights of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)Target 16.9: By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registrationIndicator 16.9.1: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by ageSG_REG_BRTH: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority (% of children under 5 years of age)Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreementsIndicator 16.10.1: Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 monthsVC_VAW_MTUHRA: Number of cases of killings of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionistsVC_VOC_ENFDIS: Number of cases of enforced disappearance of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionists (Number)Indicator 16.10.2: Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationSG_INF_ACCSS: Countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationTarget 16.a: Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crimeIndicator 16.a.1: Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris PrinciplesSG_NHR_IMPL: Proportion of

【リソース】WHITE PAPER ON CRIME 2007 / / PREFACE / NOTES / Principal Data_1 / Reported cases and crime rate / Persons cleared / Clearance rate / Overview_1 / Homicide_1 / Robbery / Fraud, etc. / Rape and forcible indecency / Damage to property / Giving and acceptance of bribes, etc. / Organized crime / Theft_1 / Principal Data_2 / Principal Special Act Offenses / Violations of the Minor Offenses Act, etc. / Violations of the Child Welfare Act, etc. / Violations of the Stalker Control Act, etc. / Violations of the Public Offices Election Act / Offenses Related to Newly Established Acts / Trends in traffic offenses / Disposition by public prosecutors offices_1 / Disposition by courts_1 / Recent legislations_1 / Tax evasion / Economic offenses / Financial offenses / Intellectual property-related offenses / Bankruptcy-related offenses / Newly established act-related offenses / Trends in high-technology offenses / Disposition by public prosecutors offices_2 / Comparison of Crime Trends with Other Countries / Major Offenses / Homicide_2 / Theft_2 / Offenses Committed by Japanese Nationals Outside Japan / Crime Victimization of Japanese Nationals Outside Japan / Overview_2 / Prosecution / Reception of Suspected Cases / Arrest and Detention of Suspects / Dispositions by Public Prosecutors Offices_1 / Trial / Defendants with a final judgement / The first instance / Appeals / Death penalty and life imprisonment with work / Imprisonment with or without work for a definite term / Fines / Detention and Bail / Correction of Adult Offenders / Rate of imprisonment of penal institutions / Number of inmates of penal institutions / Trend in number of newly admitted sentenced inmates / Characteristics of newly admitted sentenced inmates / Overview of treatment / Work / Correctional guidance / Medical care and hygiene, etc. / Maintenance of discipline and order / Grievance systems / Cooperation from outside volunteers / Penal Institution Visiting Committee / Fine defaulters in workhouses / Treatment of Unsentenced Inmates, etc. / Enforcement of Penal and Detention Facilities Act / Countermeasures to overcrowding / New treatment systems of inmates / Rehabilitation Services / Parole_1 / Number of parole applications / Number of parolees / Percent distribution of served sentence terms before parole / Parole of life imprisonment inmates / Probation / Parole Supervision_1 / Probationers / parolees under supervision / Treatment of probationers / parolees / Measures for probationers / parolees / Termination of probation / parole supervision / Assistance during supervision and urgent aftercare of discharged offenders / Halfway houses / Pardons / Nongovernmental support organizations / Crime prevention activities / Developments leading to the reform / Major contents of the reform / Trends in International Efforts in Criminal Justice / Measures against transnational organized crimes / Measures against terrorism and money laundering / Measures against drug-related offenses / Measures against crimes involving women and children / Measures against bribery and corruption / Measures against cybercrime / Transfer of sentenced persons / The International Criminal Court / Transnational fugitives from Japan / Extradition of fugitive offenders / Assistance in investigation, etc. / Judicial assistance / Newly entering foreign nationals / Foreign nationals who are illegally overstaying / Deportation / Penal code offenses / Special act offenses / Disposition by public prosecutors offices_3 / Disposition by courts_2 / Correction_1 / Probation and parole supervision / Trends in Boryokudan Members / Penal code offenses and special act offenses / Firearm offenses / Dispositions by public prosecutors offices_2 / Correction_2 / Probation / parole supervision_2 / Stimulants Control Act violations / Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act violations, etc. / Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Act violations / Seizure of stimulants, etc. / Implementation of the Act on Special Provisions for Narcotics / Disposition by public prosecutors offices_4 / Disposition by courts_3 / Correction_3 / Probation / parole supervision_3 / Trends in Crimes / Disposition by public prosecutors offices and courts / Correction_4 / Probation / parole supervision_4 / The Medical Supervision of Mentally Disordered Offenders Act / Hearings pertaining to public prosecutor's application / Medical care by hospitalization / Hearings pertaining to discharge or continuation of hospitalization / Treatment in local communities / Trends in Juvenile Delinquency / Juvenile delinquency / Juvenile delinquents / Number of juveniles cleared / Trends by attribute / Trends by type of offense / Complicity cases / Number of juveniles referred by the police / Drug offenses / Traffic offenses / Juveniles of Illegal Behavior under 14 Years of Age / Pre-delinquents / Domestic violence / Violence in schools / Bullying and delinquency / Overview_3 / Flow of procedures until referred to a family court /

【リソース】WHITE PAPER ON CRIME 2012 / / NOTES / Section 1 Principal Data_1 / 1 Reported cases and crime rate / 2 Persons cleared / 3 Clearance rate / 1 Theft / 2 Non-traffic penal code offenses excluding theft / Section 1 Principal Data_2 / Section 2 Major Special Act Offenses / 1 Public security / 2 Environment/public morals / 3 Child Welfare Act violations, etc. / 4 Anti-Stalking Act violations, etc. / 5 Public Offices Election Act violations / 1 Trends in traffic offenses / 2 Disposition in public prosecutors offices_1 / 3 Disposition in courts / 1 Tax related offenses / 2 Economic offenses / 3 Intellectual property related offenses / 1 Trends in high-technology offenses / 2 Disposition in public prosecutors offices_2 / Chapter 4 Comparison of Crime Trends with Other Countries / Section 1 Major Offenses / Section 2 Homicide / Section 3 Theft / Section 1 Offenses Committed by Japanese Nationals Outside of Japan / Section 2 Offenses Committed against Japanese Nationals Outside of Japan / Chapter 1 Overview / 1 Procedure in public prosecutors offices / 2 Procedure in courts / 3 Treatment in correctional institutions / 4 Treatment under rehabilitation services / Section 1 Reception of Suspected Cases / Section 2 Arrest and Detention of Suspects / Section 3 Disposition in Public Prosecutors Offices / Section 1 Final Judgment / 1 Conclusive disposition / 2 Sentencing / 3 Pretrial arrangement proceeding / 4 Speedy trial procedure / 5 Detention and bail / Section 3 Summary Trial Procedure / Section 4 Appeals / Chapter 4 Correction of Adult Offenders / 1 Number of inmates in penal institutions / 2 Occupancy rate of penal institutions / 3 Number of new inmates / 4 Characteristics of new inmates / 1 Overview of treatment / 2 Work / 3 Correctional guidance / 4 Provision of information regarding the release, etc. of inmates / 1 Penal Institution Visiting Committee / 2 Provision of food, medical care, health guards, etc. / 3 Cooperation with private sectors / 4 Maintenance of discipline and order / 5 Appeal system / Section 4 Treatment of Inmates Awaiting Judgment, etc. / Section 5 Maintenance and Administration of Penal Institutions in Partnership between the Public and Private Sectors / Chapter 5 Rehabilitation Services / Section 1 Parole / 1 Parole examinations / 2 Number of parolees / 3 Rate of served term of imprisonment / 4 Life imprisonment inmates granted release on parole / Section 2 Probation/Parole Supervision / 1 Number of probationers/parolees / 2 Treatment of probationers/parolees / 3 Measures for probationers/parolees / 4 Termination of probation/parole supervision / Section 3 Urgent Aid and Aftercare of Discharged Offenders / Section 4 Pardons / 1 Volunteer probation officers / 2 Halfway houses / 3 Private supporters/support organizations / 4 Crime prevention activities / Section 1 Trends in International Criminal Justice Efforts / 1 Measures against transnational organized crime and terrorism / 2 Measures against drug-related crimes / 3 Measures against money laundering / 4 Measures against crimes against children / 5 Measures against bribery and corruption / 6 Measures against cybercrime / 7 The International Criminal Court / 1 Transnational fugitives from Japan / 2 Extradition of fugitives / 3 Transfer of sentenced persons / 1 Assistance in investigation / 2 Judicial assistance / 1 UNAFEI / 2 Legal system development support / Chapter 1 Trends with Juvenile Delinquencies / 1 Number of juveniles cleared / 2 Trends by attributes / 3 Trends by type of offense / 4 Cases committed in complicity / 1 Number of juveniles referred to public prosecutors / 2 Drug offenses / 3 Traffic offenses / Section 3 Pre-Delinquents / 1 Family violence / 2 School violence / 3 Bullying / Section 1 Overview_1 / 1 Procedure until referral to a family court / 2 Procedure in a family court / 3 Procedure of protective measures / 1 Investigation (until referral to a family court) / 2 Family court / 1 Admission and discharge / 2 Classification activities / 1 Juveniles newly admitted to juvenile training schools / 2 Treatment provided in a juvenile training school / 3 Discharged juveniles / Section 5 Probation/Parole Supervision for Juveniles / 1 Juvenile probationers/parolees / 2 Treatment of juvenile probationers/parolees / 3 Measures for juvenile probationers/parolees / 4 Termination of probation/parole supervision for juveniles / 1 Prosecution and criminal trials / 2 Execution of the sentence / 3 Parole / 1 Disposition in public prosecutors offices / 2 Sentencing in a court of first instance / Section 3 Juvenile Inmates / 1 Repeat delinquencies by juveniles / 2 History of protective measures with juveniles subjected under protective measures / 3 Readmission, etc. of juveniles discharged from juvenile training schools / 4 Redisposition of juvenile probationers/parolees / 1 New foreign national entrants / 2 Foreign nationals illegally overstaying / 3 Deportation / 1 Penal code offenses / 2 Special act offenses / 1 Prosecution_1 /

This brief assesses the current state of the juvenile justice system in Cambodia against international standards. The first section provides an outline of the international and domestic laws pertaining to juvenile justice while the second section assesses the adherence to juvenile rights within the criminal system through data collected during three years of trial monitoring. The final section offers recommendations.

In the early post-war decades, thousands of boys and girls were employed by juvenile courts in Greece either because they committed an offense or because they were considered to be "morally at risk" of committing someone in the future or because their parents declined to do so. At the same time, concerns about young people's behavior turned into a political issue with national and international dimensions: transnational policies were formed around it, state and private interventions were organized, legislation was adopted and scientific papers were written.The book examines some of the forms that young people's post-war discipline took in three interdependent dimensions: the international public issue of "juvenile delinquency" - and its Greek version, "child and juvenile delinquency", its constitution and operation the juvenile justice mechanism and the relationships between juvenile caregivers and caregivers, minors who were in charge of overseeing and reforming their families in a time of great social and political change. ischemic reconstitution. The study draws on rich and varied factual material: periodicals, Greek and foreign, on juvenile 'delinquency' or 'criminality', individual files of boys and girls employed by juvenile justice in Athens and Thessaloniki in the 1950s and '60s and oral testimonies of older caregivers and caregivers of minors about their work experience.

Curfew Monitoring and Reporting Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global curfew monitoring and reporting market size reached USD 1.58 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust demand across diverse end users. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 8.1% from 2025 to 2033, with the total value projected to reach USD 3.13 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is primarily driven by the increasing need for advanced monitoring solutions to enforce curfews and ensure public safety, particularly in response to rising concerns over crime rates, juvenile delinquency, and the need for efficient law enforcement operations worldwide.

One of the primary growth factors for the curfew monitoring and reporting market is the rapid advancement in digital and IoT-based technologies. The integration of GPS-enabled wearables, real-time tracking systems, and cloud-based reporting platforms has revolutionized the way authorities and private agencies monitor individuals under curfew orders. These technological innovations not only improve the accuracy and efficiency of monitoring but also reduce human error and operational costs. Furthermore, the shift towards automation and remote monitoring has enabled agencies to handle larger caseloads without proportionally increasing manpower, making these solutions highly attractive for both government and private sector stakeholders.

Another significant driver is the evolving regulatory landscape, which has led to the adoption of stricter curfew enforcement policies in many regions. Governments are increasingly enacting legislation that mandates the use of electronic monitoring devices for offenders, particularly in cases involving parole, probation, or juvenile supervision. This regulatory push is complemented by the growing public awareness regarding the benefits of electronic monitoring over traditional incarceration, such as reduced recidivism rates and lower costs for correctional institutions. As a result, demand for comprehensive curfew monitoring and reporting solutions is surging among law enforcement agencies, correctional facilities, and community monitoring programs.

In addition to technological and regulatory factors, the expanding scope of application areas is propelling the market forward. Curfew monitoring solutions are now being utilized beyond traditional law enforcement and correctional settings, extending into community-based programs, juvenile monitoring, and even private security operations. This diversification is creating new revenue streams for vendors and encouraging continuous innovation in both hardware and software components. The increased adoption of these solutions by private security firms and community organizations highlights their effectiveness in ensuring compliance and enhancing overall public safety.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the curfew monitoring and reporting market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This leadership can be attributed to the region’s advanced technological infrastructure, high levels of government investment in public safety, and the presence of several leading market players. However, rapid urbanization and growing security concerns in the Asia Pacific region are expected to drive the highest CAGR during the forecast period, as countries in this region increasingly invest in digital monitoring solutions to address rising crime rates and improve law enforcement efficiency.

Component Analysis

The component segment of the curfew monitoring and reporting market is divided into hardware, software, and services. Hardware includes electronic monitoring devices such as GPS-enabled ankle bracelets, RFID tags, and communication hubs, which form the backbone of any curfew enforcement solution. The demand for reliable and tamper-proof hardware has surged as agencies seek to minimize the risk of device circumvention and ensure accurate real-time tracking. Continuous innovation in sensor technology, battery life, and device miniaturization is further enhancing the usability and effectiveness of these hardware solutions, making them indispensable for both government and private sector users.

Software plays a critical role in the overall functionality of curfew monitoring systems by providing the necessary platforms for data aggregation, analytics, and reporting. Modern software solutions are increasingly leveraging

In 2024, there were approximately 25.4 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in the country, down from a homicide rate of 25.7 a year earlier. The homicide rate in Colombia has been stable since 2014 with the numbers varying between 24 and 26.8 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. Crime and corruption Approximately 31 percent of the population identifies corruption as the main problem of the country, with fraud emerging as the foremost committed corruption and economic felony in Colombia. Followed by instances where residents were either firsthand or indirectly encountered attempts to purchase electoral votes. These experiences stem from discontent with flawed democratic functioning, culminating with the country positioned among the Latin American nations most plagued by corruption. Moreover, Colombia's corruption index was 39, where 0 represents the worst corruption scenario. Notably, those entrusted with safeguarding public welfare—the police, congressional representatives, and presidential personnel—are implicated in these transgressions, thereby fostering a prevailing sense of insecurity among the population. Not an easy way out of drug trafficking Amidst the economic challenges stemming from an uneven distribution of wealth that predominantly favors merely one percent of the population, the youth demographic and individuals residing in rural areas are more inclined towards seeking a convenient route to monetary gains. This trend has the adverse consequence of resulting in land expropriation and engenders a state of insecurity for landowners, particularly concerning crop cultivation. The proliferation of narcotics has escalated significantly, prompting alarm within the government. These authorities have grappled with a persistent inability to curb the proliferation of this phenomenon. Notably, the cultivation and exportation of marijuana and cocaine stand out as the primary illegal undertaking, facilitated through international transport via land, aircraft, and maritime shipments.

Goal 16Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levelsTarget 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhereIndicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and ageVC_IHR_PSRC: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex (victims per 100,000 population)VC_IHR_PSRCN: Number of victims of intentional homicide, by sex (number)Indicator 16.1.2: Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and causeVC_DTH_TOCV: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians) per 100,000 population (Per 100,000 population)VC_DTH_TOCVN: Number of conflict-related deaths (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (Number)VC_DTH_TOCVR: Conflict-related death rate (civilians), by sex, age and cause of death (%)Indicator 16.1.3: Proportion of population subjected to (a) physical violence, (b) psychological violence and (c) sexual violence in the previous 12 monthsVC_VOV_PHYL: Proportion of population subjected to physical violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_ROBB: Proportion of population subjected to robbery in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)VC_VOV_SEXL: Proportion of population subjected to sexual violence in the previous 12 months, by sex (%)Indicator 16.1.4: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they liveVC_SNS_WALN: Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live (%)Target 16.2: End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of childrenIndicator 16.2.1: Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past monthVC_VAW_PHYPYV: Proportion of children aged 1-14 years who experienced physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in last month (% of children aged 1-14 years)Indicator 16.2.2: Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitationVC_HTF_DETVFL: Detected victims of human trafficking for forced labour, servitude and slavery, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOP: Detected victims of human trafficking for other purposes, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVOG: Detected victims of human trafficking for removal of organ, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETVSX: Detected victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitaton, by age and sex (number)VC_HTF_DETV: Detected victims of human trafficking, by age and sex (number)Indicator 16.2.3: Proportion of young women and men aged 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18VC_VAW_SXVLN: Proportion of population aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18, by sex (% of population aged 18-29)Target 16.3: Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for allIndicator 16.3.1: Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanismsVC_PRR_PHYV: Police reporting rate for physical assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_SEXV: Police reporting rate for sexual assault, by sex (%)VC_PRR_ROBB: Police reporting rate for robbery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.3.2: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison populationVC_PRS_UNSNT: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population (%)Indicator 16.3.3: Proportion of the population who have experienced a dispute in the past two years and who accessed a formal or informal dispute resolution mechanism, by type of mechanismTarget 16.4: By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crimeIndicator 16.4.1: Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars)Indicator 16.4.2: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsVC_ARM_SZTRACE: Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instrumentsTarget 16.5: Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their formsIndicator 16.5.1: Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 monthsIU_COR_BRIB: Prevalence rate of bribery, by sex (%)Indicator 16.5.2: Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 monthsIC_FRM_BRIB: Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levelsIndicator 16.6.1: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)GF_XPD_GBPC: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget (%)Indicator 16.6.2: Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public servicesTarget 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levelsIndicator 16.7.1: Proportions of positions in national and local institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groupsSG_DMK_PARLCC_JC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Joint CommitteesSG_DMK_PARLMP_LC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLSP_LC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex , Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLCC_LC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLMP_UC: Ratio for female members of parliaments (Ratio of the proportion of women in parliament in the proportion of women in the national population with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLSP_UC: Number of speakers in parliament, by age and sex, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLCC_UC: Number of chairs of permanent committees, by age sex and focus of the committee, Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYR_LC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Lower Chamber or UnicameralSG_DMK_PARLYP_LC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_LC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Lower Chamber or Unicameral (Number)SG_DMK_PARLYR_UC: Ratio of young members in parliament (Ratio of the proportion of young members in parliament (age 45 or below) in the proportion of the national population (age 45 or below) with the age of eligibility as a lower bound boundary), Upper ChamberSG_DMK_PARLYP_UC: Proportion of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (%)SG_DMK_PARLYN_UC: Number of youth in parliament (age 45 or below), Upper Chamber (Number)Indicator 16.7.2: Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population groupTarget 16.8: Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governanceIndicator 16.8.1: Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizationsSG_INT_MBRDEV: Proportion of members of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)SG_INT_VRTDEV: Proportion of voting rights of developing countries in international organizations, by organization (%)Target 16.9: By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registrationIndicator 16.9.1: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by ageSG_REG_BRTH: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority (% of children under 5 years of age)Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreementsIndicator 16.10.1: Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 monthsVC_VAW_MTUHRA: Number of cases of killings of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionistsVC_VOC_ENFDIS: Number of cases of enforced disappearance of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionists (Number)Indicator 16.10.2: Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationSG_INF_ACCSS: Countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to informationTarget 16.a: Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crimeIndicator 16.a.1: Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris PrinciplesSG_NHR_IMPL: Proportion of

Sampling Procedure Comment: Non-probability Sample: Quota Sample

In 2025, Ghana registered a crime index of 45.35. The index measures the level of crime in a given country or city. This means that, at the said date, crime in Ghana was considered as being on a moderate level. In 2019, the level of crime in the country registered a peak of nearly 52 points. Furthermore, in 2024, it was lowest at almost 44 points. Person traffickingThe year 2021 recorded a total of 821 detected cases of people trafficking in Ghana, which was a noticeable increase compared to 2020, when such events reached 508 in number. According to latest data available, West Africa is the region with the most detected victims of people trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria being in the lead. As a result of the reported number of victims in Ghana, people prosecuted for offenses in person trafficking in the country reached 13 each in 2020 and 2021.Crime against womenFemale Genital Mutilation (FGM) is one of the criminal offenses in Ghana that involves women and girls, despite being constitutionally abolished. It is carried out on both minors and adults. In 2018, 63.6 percent of 14,374 surveyed women had had flesh in the genital area removed as a procedure of FGM. As of the same year, 7.3 percent of the same count of women were given into marriage before age 15, to the negligence of child marriage challenges such as teenage pregnancy and poverty. Another type of crime involving women is domestic violence. Overall, in 2018, 16.5 percent of male respondents, and 32.4 percent of surveyed women in Ghana reported that domestic violence was justified if, for instance, a woman burned food, argued with her husband, or neglected the children at home.