The world's most accurate population datasets. Seven maps/datasets for the distribution of various populations in Zambia: (1) Overall population density (2) Women (3) Men (4) Children (ages 0-5) (5) Youth (ages 15-24) (6) Elderly (ages 60+) (7) Women of reproductive age (ages 15-49).

Abstract

The primary objective of the 2018 ZDHS was to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the ZDHS collected information on: - Fertility levels and preferences; contraceptive use; maternal and child health; infant, child, and neonatal mortality levels; maternal mortality; and gender, nutrition, and awareness regarding HIV/AIDS and other health issues relevant to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - Ownership and use of mosquito nets as part of the national malaria eradication programmes - Health-related matters such as breastfeeding, maternal and childcare (antenatal, delivery, and postnatal), children’s immunisations, and childhood diseases - Anaemia prevalence among women age 15-49 and children age 6-59 months - Nutritional status of children under age 5 (via weight and height measurements) - HIV prevalence among men age 15-59 and women age 15-49 and behavioural risk factors related to HIV - Assessment of situation regarding violence against women

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-59

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women age 15-49, all men age 15-59, and all children age 0-5 years who are usual members of the selected households or who spent the night before the survey in the selected households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2018 ZDHS is the Census of Population and Housing (CPH) of the Republic of Zambia, conducted in 2010 by ZamStats. Zambia is divided into 10 provinces. Each province is subdivided into districts, each district into constituencies, and each constituency into wards. In addition to these administrative units, during the 2010 CPH each ward was divided into convenient areas called census supervisory areas (CSAs), and in turn each CSA was divided into enumeration areas (EAs). An enumeration area is a geographical area assigned to an enumerator for the purpose of conducting a census count; according to the Zambian census frame, each EA consists of an average of 110 households.

The current version of the EA frame for the 2010 CPH was updated to accommodate some changes in districts and constituencies that occurred between 2010 and 2017. The list of EAs incorporates census information on households and population counts. Each EA has a cartographic map delineating its boundaries, with identification information and a measure of size, which is the number of residential households enumerated in the 2010 CPH. This list of EAs was used as the sampling frame for the 2018 ZDHS.

The 2018 ZDHS followed a stratified two-stage sample design. The first stage involved selecting sample points (clusters) consisting of EAs. EAs were selected with a probability proportional to their size within each sampling stratum. A total of 545 clusters were selected.

The second stage involved systematic sampling of households. A household listing operation was undertaken in all of the selected clusters. During the listing, an average of 133 households were found in each cluster, from which a fixed number of 25 households were selected through an equal probability systematic selection process, to obtain a total sample size of 13,625 households. Results from this sample are representative at the national, urban and rural, and provincial levels.

For further details on sample selection, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the 2018 ZDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s Model Questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Zambia. Input on questionnaire content was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international cooperating partners. After all questionnaires were finalised in English, they were translated into seven local languages: Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, and Tonga. In addition, information about the fieldworkers for the survey was collected through a self-administered Fieldworker Questionnaire.

Cleaning operations

All electronic data files were transferred via a secure internet file streaming system to the ZamStats central office in Lusaka, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. The data were processed by two IT specialists and one secondary editor who took part in the main fieldwork training; they were supervised remotely by staff from The DHS Program. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro software. During the fieldwork, field-check tables were generated to check various data quality parameters, and specific feedback was given to the teams to improve performance. Secondary editing and data processing were initiated in July 2018 and completed in March 2019.

Response rate

Of the 13,595 households in the sample, 12,943 were occupied. Of these occupied households, 12,831 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%.

In the interviewed households, 14,189 women age 15-49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews; 13,683 women were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96% (the same rate achieved in the 2013-14 survey). A total of 13,251 men were eligible for individual interviews; 12,132 of these men were interviewed, producing a response rate of 92% (a 1 percentage point increase from the previous survey).

Of the households successfully interviewed, 12,505 were interviewed in 2018 and 326 in 2019. As the large majority of households were interviewed in 2018 and the year for reference indicators is 2018.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) to minimise this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2018 ZDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2018 ZDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed in SAS, using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor linearisation method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

Note: A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar years - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months - Completeness of information on siblings - Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings - Height and weight data completeness and quality for children - Number of enumeration areas completed by month, according to province, Zambia DHS 2018

Note: Data quality tables are presented in APPENDIX C of the report.

Abstract

The 2001-2002 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) was carried out by the Central Statistical Office and the Central Board of Health. It is a nationally representative sample of 7,658 women age 15-49 and 2,145 men age 15-59. The principal objective of the survey was to provide data to policymakers and planners on the population and health situation in Zambia. Most of the information collected in the 2001-2002 ZDHS represents updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the 1992 ZDHS and 1996 ZDHS surveys.

The 2001-2002 ZDHS was conducted by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and the Central Board of Health (CBoH). ORC Macro of Calverton, Maryland provided technical assistance to the project through its contract with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Funding for the survey was supplied by ORC Macro (from USAID), the Government of Japan through a trust fund managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and through bilateral agreements between the Government of the Republic of Zambia and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA).

The primary objectives of the ZDHS are: - To collect up-to-date information on fertility, infant and child mortality and family planning; - To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, antenatal care, children's immunisations and childhood diseases; - To assess the nutritional status of mothers and children; - To support dissemination and utilisation of the results in planning, managing and improving family planning and health services in the country;
- To enhance the survey capabilities of the institutions involved in order to facilitate the implementation of surveys of this type in the future; and - To document current epidemics of sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS through use of specialised modules.

Specifically, the 2001-2002 ZDHS collected detailed information on fertility and family planning, child mortality and maternal mortality, maternal and child health and nutritional status, and knowledge, awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. New features of the 20012002 ZDHS include the collection of information on violence against women and testing of individuals for HIV and syphilis.

Geographic coverage

The DHS 2001-02 is a nationally representative survey. The primary focus of the 2001 Zambia DHS is to provide estimates of key population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates, for the country as a whole, and for urban and rural areas separately. Also, the sample was designed to provide estimates of key variables for the nine provinces, namely, 1) Central, 2) Copperbelt, 3) Eastern, 4) Luapula, 5) Lusaka, 6) Northern, 7) North-Western, 8) Southern, and 9) Western. In addition, the sample provides basic information for a total of 12 combined districts (not each separately) that are the special focus of the Zambia Integrated Health Programme (Livingstone, Kalomo, Chibombo, Kabwe Urban, Ndola Urban, Kitwe, Chipata, Lundazi, Chama, Kasama, Samfya, and Mwense).

Analysis unit

• Household
• women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59
• Children under five years

Universe

The population covered by the 2001-2002 ZDHS is defined as the universe of all women age 1549 in Zambia and all men age 15-59. A sample of households was selected and all women age 15-49 identified in the households were interviewed. In addition, in a subsample of one-third of all the households selected for the ZDHS, all men 15-59 were eligible to be interviewed if they were either permanent residents or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2001-2002 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a comprehensive nationally representative population and health survey carried out by the Central Statistical Office in partnership with the Central Board of Health. ORC Macro provided financial and technical assistance for the survey through the USAID-funded MEASURE DHS+ programme. Additional funding for the ZDHS was received from the Government of Japan, UNFPA, and DANIDA. The principal objective of the ZDHS is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, child mortality, children's nutritional status, the utilization of maternal, child health services, knowledge and prevalence of HIV and syphilis.

SAMPLE DOMAINS

The Zambia DHS collected demographic and health information from a nationally representative sample of women and men age 15-49 and 15-59, respectively. The primary focus of the 2001 Zambia DHS is to provide estimates of key population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates, for the country as a whole, and for urban and rural areas separately. Also, the sample was designed to provide estimates of key variables for the nine provinces, namely, 1) Central, 2) Copperbelt, 3) Eastern, 4) Luapula, 5) Lusaka, 6) Northern, 7) North-Western, 8) Southern, and 9) Western. In addition, the sample provides basic information for a total of 12 combined districts (not each separately) that are the special focus of the Zambia Integrated Health Programme (Livingstone, Kalomo, Chibombo, Kabwe Urban, Ndola Urban, Kitwe, Chipata, Lundazi, Chama, Kasama, Samfya, and Mwense).

SAMPLE FRAME

Zambia is divided into nine provinces. In turn, each province is subdivided in districts, each district into constituencies, and each constituency into wards. In addition to these administrative units, during the 2000 population census, each ward was subdivided into convenient areas called census supervisory areas (CSAs), and in turn each CSA into standard enumeration areas (SEAs). In total Zambia has 72 districts, 150 constituencies, 1,289 wards, about 4,400 CSAs, and about 16,400 SEAs. Preliminary information on the counts of households and population, as well as cartographic materials were available from the 2000 population census for the SEAs. Therefore, the sample frame for this survey was the list of SEAs developed from the 2000 population census.

STRATIFICATION

In the preliminary census frame, the SEAs were grouped by CSAs, by CSAs within a ward, by wards within a constituency, by constituencies within a district and by districts within a province for purposes of the ZDHS. The SEAs were further stratified separately by urban and rural areas within each province.

SAMPLE ALLOCATION

The primary sampling unit (PSU), the cluster for the 2001-2002 ZDHS, is defined on the basis of SEAs from the census frame. A minimum requirement of 85 households for the cluster size was imposed in the design. If an SEA did not have 85 households, it was combined with an adjacent SEA; thus, the ZDHS cluster comprised one or more SEAs. The number of clusters in each district was not allocated proportional to the total population due to the need to present estimates by each of the nine provinces. Zambia is a country where two-thirds of the population reside in rural areas, and one-third in urban areas.

The target for the 2001-2002 ZDHS sample was 8,000 completed interviews. Based on the level of non-response found in the 1996 ZDHS, to achieve this target, approximately 8,200 households were selected, with all women age 15-49 being interviewed. The target was to reach a minimum of 750 completed interviews per province. In each province the number of households was distributed proportionately among the urban and rural areas. Table A.2 shows the distribution of about 8,200 households by province.

The urban-rural distribution was also considered in distributing the sample. The selected households were distributed in 320 clusters in Zambia, 100 clusters in the urban areas, and 220 clusters in the rural areas.

Under this final allocation, the 12 combined districts of the Zambia Integrated Health Programme have 77 selected clusters, 36 in urban areas and 41 in rural areas.

SAMPLE SELECTION

The 2001-2002 ZDHS sample was selected using a stratified two-stage cluster design consisting of 320 clusters, 100 in urban and 220 in rural areas. Once the number of households was allocated to each combination of province by urban and rural areas, the number of clusters was calculated based on an average sample take of 25 completed interviews among women 15-49 years. In each urban or rural area in a given province, clusters were selected systematically with probability proportional to the number of households in each cluster.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2001-2002 ZDHS: a) the Household Questionnaire, b) the Women's Questionnaire c) the Men's Questionnaire.

The contents of these questionnaires were based on the model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS+ programme for use in countries with low levels of contraceptive use.

In consultation with technical institutions, local and international organisations, the CSO modified the DHS model questionnaires to reflect relevant issues in population, family planning and other health issues in Zambia. A series of questionnaire design meetings were organised by the CSO with the assistance of ORC Macro, and the inputs generated in these meetings were used to produce the first draft of the ZDHS questionnaires. These questionnaires were translated from English into the seven major languages, namely Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, and Tonga.

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected

The 1992 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) was a nationally representative sample survey of women age 15-49. The survey was designed to provide information onlevels and trends of fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning knowledge and use, and maternal and child health. The ZDHS was carried out by the University of Zambia in collaboration with Central Statistical Office and the Ministry of Health. Fieldwork was conducted from mid-January to mid-May 1992, during which time, over 6000 households and 7000 women were interviewed. The primary objectives of the ZDHS are: To collect up-to-date information on fertility, infant and child mortality and family planning; To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, antenatal care, children's immunizations and childhood diseases; To assess the nutritional status of mothers and children; To support dissemination and utilisation of the results in planning, managing and improving family planning and health services in the country; and To enhance the survey capabilities of the institutions Involved in order to facilitate the implementation of surveys of this type in the future. MAIN RESULTS Results imply that fertility in Zambia has been declining over the past decade or so; at current levels, Zambian women will give birth to an average of 6.5 children during their reproductive years. Contraceptive knowledge is nearly universal in Zambia; over 90 percent of married women reported knowing about at least one modern contraceptive method.Over half of women using modern methods obtained them from government sources. Women in Zambia am marrying somewhat later than they did previously. The median age at marriage has increased from 17 years or under among women now in their 30s and 40s to 18 years or older among women in their 20s. Women with secondary education marry three years later (19.9) than women with no education (16.7). Over one-fifth (22 percent) of currently married women do not want to have any more children. One of the most striking findings from the ZDHS is the high level of child mortality and its apparent increase in recent years. Information on various aspects of maternal and child healtlrantenatal care, vaccinations, bmastfeeding and food supplementation, and illness-was collected in the ZDHS on births in the five years preceding the survey. ZDHS data indic ate that haft of the births in Zambia are delivered at home and half in health facilities. Based on information obtained from health cards and mothers' reports, 95 percent of children age 12- 23 months are vaccinated against tuberculosis, 94 percent have received at least one dose of DPT and polio vaccines, and 77 percent have been vaccinated against measles. Sixty-seven percent of children age 12-23 months have been fully immunised and only 4 percent have not received any immuhisations. Almost all children in Zambia (98 percent) are breastfed. The median duration of breasffeeding is relatively long (19 months), but supplemental liquids and foods are introduced at an early age. By age 2-3 months, half of all children are being given supplementary food or liquid. ZDHS data indicate that undemutrition is an obstacle to improving child health; 40 percent of children under age five are stunted or short for their age, compared to an international reference population. Five percent of children are wasted or thin for their height and 25 percent are underweight for their age. The ZDHS included several questions about knowledge of AIDS. Almost all respondents (99 percent) had heard of AIDS and the vast majority (90 percent) knew that AIDS is transmitted through sexual intercourse. The implementation of all these aspects of the PHC programmes requires multi-sectoral action and close collaboration among the various govemment institutions. The Govemment has therefore set up multi- sectoral PHC committees as an integral part of the PHC basic supportive manpower and inter-sectoral collaboration with other ministries has been given prominence.

The 1996 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a nationally representative survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office at the request of the Ministry of Health, with the aim of gathering reliable information on fertility, childhood and maternal mortality rates, maternal and child health indicators, contraceptive knowledge and use, and knowledge and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS. The survey is a follow-up to the Zambia DHS survey carried out in 1992. The primary objectives of the ZDHS are: To collect up-to-date information on fertility, infant and child mortality and family planning; To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, antenatal care, children's immunisations and childhood diseases; To assess the nutritional status of mothers and children; iv) To support dissemination and utilisation of the results in planning, managing and improving family planning and health services in the country; and To enhance the survey capabilities of the institutions involved in order to facilitate the implementation of surveys of this type in the future. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FERTILITY Fertility Trends. The 1996 ZDHS survey results indicate that the level of fertility in Zambia is continuing to decline. Fertility Differentials. Some women are apparently leading the fertility decline. Moreover, women who have received some secondary education have the lowest level of fertility. Age at First Birth. Childbearing begins early in Zambia, with over one-third of women becoming mothers by the time they reach age 18 and around two-thirds having had a child by the time they reach age 20. Birth Intervals. The majority of Zambian children (81 percent) are born after a "safe" birth interval (24 or more months apart), with 36 percent born at least 36 months after a prior birth. Nevertheless, 19 percent of non-first births occur less than 24 months after the preceding birth. The overall median birth interval is 32 months. Fertility Preferences. Survey data indicate that there is a strong desire for children and a preference for large families in Zambian society. Unplanned Fertility. Despite the increasing level of contraceptive use, ZDHS data indicate that unplanned pregnancies are still common. FAMILY PLANNING Increasing Use of Contraception. The contraceptive prevalence rate in Zambia has increased significantly over the past five years, rising from 15 percent in 1992 to 26 percent in 1996. Differentials in Family Planning Use. Differentials in current use of family planning by province are large. Source of Contraception. Six in ten users obtain their methods from public sources, while 24 percent use non-governmental medical sources and shops and friends account for the remaining 13 percent. Government health centres (41 percent) and government hospitals (16 percent) are the most common sources of contraceptive methods. Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods. Knowledge of contraceptive methods is nearly universal, with 96 percent of all women and men knowing at least one method of family planning. Family Planning Messages. One reason for the increase in level of contraceptive awareness is that family planning messages are prevalent. Unmet Need for Family Planning. ZDHS data show that there is a considerable unmet need for family planning services in Zambia. MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH Maternal Health Care. ZDHS data show some encouraging results regarding maternal health care, as well as to some areas in which improvements could be made. Results show that most Zambian mothers receive antenatal care, 3 percent from a doctor and 93 percent from a nurse or trained midwife. High Childhood Mortality. One of the more disturbing findings from the survey is that child survival has not improved over the past few years. Childhood Vaccination Coverage. Vaccination coverage against the most common childhood illnesses has increased recently. Childhood Health. ZDHS data indicate that Zambian mothers are reasonably well-informed about childhood illnesses and that a high proportion are treated appropriately. Breastfeeding Practices. The ZDHS results indicate that breastfeeding is almost universally practised in Zambia, with a median duration of 20 months. Knowledge and Behaviour Regarding AIDS. Survey results indicate that virtually all respondents had heard of AIDS. Common sources of information were friends/relatives, the radio, and health workers. The vast majority of respondents80 percent of women and 94 percent of mensay they have changed their behaviour in order to avoid contracting AIDS, mostly by restricting themselves to one sexual partner.

Abstract

The census of populaton and housing is designed to collect a complete count of households, dejure and defacto population. A Census of Population and Housing is defined by the United Nations as the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analysing and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specified time or times, to all persons in a designated area or the whole country. It is the primary source of information about the population of a country. It is undertaken at regular intervals, usually after ten years. The population Census is distinguished from other kinds of field surveys by its traditional background, legal sanctions, coverage, and by the whole scale of the operation and the resources normally devoted to it. A census of population and housing is the biggest national resource that acts both as an input into development programmes, and as a measure of the impact of various development programmes embarked on by Governments, NGOs and other stakeholders with development programmes in Zambia.

It provides a vital account of the impact of developmental programmes on the population in areas of education, health, economic activity, agriculture, housing and infrastructure, internal and international migration, urbanisation, fertility, mortality and population growth, size, composition and distribution. It also provides an accurate and reliable record of changes in these important population attributes over time and forms the cornerstone of the country's national statistical system.

The main objective of conducting a Population Census is to enumerate all the people in the country in order to provide the Government, private organisations, individuals, and other stakeholders with the number of persons in each district, township, locality, village, etc., according to age, sex, and other characteristics. For every aspect of planning, it is essential to know the size, structure and distribution of the population of a country. This information is required for various aspects of social and economic planning. The other objectives of the census include; - To provide accurate and reliable information on the size, composition and distribution of the population of Zambia - To provide Information on the Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics of the population of Zambia - To provide indicators for measuring progress towards national and international development goals

Geographic coverage

Nationwide Census

Analysis unit

All Household and Individuals

Universe

The Census of Population and Housing covered all de jure and de facto population in the households. It excluded a) Foreign diplomatic personnel accredited to Zambia; and b) Zambian nationals accredited to foreign embassies and their family members who live with them abroad and , Zambian migrant workers and students in foreign countries who were not in the country at the time of the census.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

Complete enumeration of all persons in Zambia in 2000

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the census were structured questionnaires that included internationally agreed core topics. There were two questionnaires used, Form A capturing General Characteristics and Form B capturing Personal information. Form A - General charateristics includes household listing, various questions on housing characteristics such as type of housing, occupancy status,housing building materials Sanitation (garbage disposal, main source of water) and various questions on household characteristics such as Source of energy (heating, lighting and cooking), ownership of assests, toilet facilities. Form B - Personal Information collected information on Age, marital status, ethnicity, ecomonic activity, education and health data.

Census questionnaires provided as an external resource

Cleaning operations

Data editing of the questionnaires was done manually before data was captured using Optical Mark Reading (OMR) technology. Some questionnaires were entered manually and editing and validation of data was done.

Editing was a continuous process throughout the scanning exercise. Rejected forms were checked for errors that might have arisen due to incorrect or insufficient recording of information in the field. Trained Questionnaire Editors then made corrections accordingly, and the forms were re-scanned. Completely rejected forms were forwarded for manual data entry.

The 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a national sample survey designed to provide up-to-date information on background characteristics of the respondents, fertility levels, nuptiality, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; and awareness, behaviour, and prevalence regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. The target groups were men age 15-59 and women age 15-49 in randomly selected households across Zambia. Information about children age 0-5 was also collected, including weight and height. The survey collected blood samples for syphilis and HIV testing in order to determine national prevalence rates. While significantly expanded, the 2007 ZDHS is a follow-up to the 1992, 1996, and 2001-2002 ZDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier surveys. The 2007 ZDHS is the second DHS that includes the collection of information on violence against women, and syphilis and HIV testing. In addition, data on malaria prevention and treatment were collected. The ZDHS was implemented by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) in partnership with the Ministry of Health, the Tropical Disease Research Centre (TDRC), and the Demography Division at the University of Zambia (UNZA) from April to October 2007. The TDRC provided technical support in the implementation of the syphilis and HIV testing. Macro International provided technical assistance as well as funding to the project through MEASURE DHS, a USAID-funded project providing support and technical assistance in the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide. The main objective is to provide information on levels and trends in fertility, childhood mortality, use of family planning methods, and maternal and child health indicators including HIV/AIDS. This information is necessary for programme managers, policymakers, and implementers to monitor and evaluate the impact of existing programmes and to design new initiatives for health policies in Zambia. The primary objectives of the 2007 ZDHS project are: To collect up-to-date information on fertility, infant and child mortality, and family planning. To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, antenatal care, children’s immunisations, and childhood diseases. To assess the nutritional status of mothers and children. To support dissemination and utilization of the results in planning, managing, and improving family planning and health services in the country. To enhance the survey capabilities of the institutions involved in order to facilitate the implementation of surveys of this type in future. To document current epidemics of STIs and HIV/AIDS through use of specialized modules. For HIV/AIDS and syphilis in particular, the testing component of the 2007 Zambia DHS was undertaken to provide information to address the monitoring and evaluation needs of government and non-governmental organization programmes addressing HIV/AIDS and syphilis, and to provide programme managers and policy makers with the information that they need to effectively plan and implement future interventions. The overall objective of the survey was to collect high-quality and representative data on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours regarding HIV/AIDS and other STIs, and on the prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection among women and men.

There were 4 101 200 Facebook users in Zambia in April 2024, which accounted for 18.8% of its entire population. The majority of them were men - 54.9%. People aged 18 to 24 were the largest user group (1 503 000). The highest difference between men and women occurs within people aged 25 to 34, where men lead by 747 400.

Abstract

The Meheba Local Area Plan (LAP) for 2024-2028, initiated by Kalumbila Town Council, Department of Resettlement (DoR) and Office of the Commissioner for Refugees (CoR) in Zambia, encompasses a comprehensive strategy to integrate and develop the Meheba region, which hosts refugees and local populations. This plan focuses on modernizing infrastructure, boosting agricultural productivity, and ensuring inclusive community development. Utilizing surveys and extensive stakeholder engagement, the LAP aims to capture data on demographic changes, economic conditions, and social services within Meheba. A total of 1,700 detailed surveys across key populations will assess the impact of interventions and guide future development strategies. By aligning with national policies and focusing on sustainable development, the LAP seeks to transform Meheba into a productive, self-reliant community, enhancing the quality of life for all residents. This dataset will be pivotal in monitoring progress and adjusting policies to better serve the diverse needs of the Meheba population.

Geographic coverage

Kalumbila, North-Western, Zambia

Analysis unit

Meheba area

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2023 Joint Post Distribution Monitoring in South Sudan used a stratified random sampling method within a cluster design, targeting 1,295 households across eight refugee settlements to ensure a representative sample of the population.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Demographics, health and nutrition, community services, education, livelihood and social cohesion, coordination, transportation, governance, housing, land and property, shelter and other infrastructure, agriculture, crop production, energy access, and settlement

Analysis unit

Women, Birth, Child, Man, Member

Universe

Women age 15-49, Births, Children age 0-4, Men age 15-59, All persons

Kind of data

Demographic and Household Survey [hh/dhs]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Health, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, University of Zambia [Zambia] and ORC Macro.

SAMPLE UNIT: Women SAMPLE SIZE: 7146

SAMPLE UNIT: Birth SAMPLE SIZE: 21366

SAMPLE UNIT: Child SAMPLE SIZE: 6401

SAMPLE UNIT: Man SAMPLE SIZE: 6500

SAMPLE UNIT: Member SAMPLE SIZE: 35562

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries, and Round 7 (2016-2018) 34 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 8 (2019-2021).

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

Citizens of Zambia who are 18 years and older

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling; • sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country. Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU). Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points. Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households. Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Zambia - Sample size: 1,200 - Sampling Frame: 2020 population projections based on the 2016 Bureau of Statistics Population Census - Sample design: Nationally representative, random, clustered, stratified, multi-stage area probability sample - Stratification: District and urban/peri-urban/rural location - Stages: PSUs (from strata), start points, households, respondents - PSU selection: Probability Proportionate to Population Size (PPPS) - Cluster size: 8 households per PSU - Household selection: Randomly selected start points, followed by walk pattern using 5/10 interval - Respondent selection: Gender quota filled by alternating interviews between men and women; respondents of appropriate gender listed, after which computer randomly selects individual

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Round 8 questionnaire has been developed by the Questionnaire Committee after reviewing the findings and feedback obtained in previous Rounds, and securing input on preferred new topics from a host of donors, analysts, and users of the data.

The questionnaire consists of three parts: 1. Part 1 captures the steps for selecting households and respondents, and includes the introduction to the respondent and (pp.1-4). This section should be filled in by the Fieldworker. 2. Part 2 covers the core attitudinal and demographic questions that are asked by the Fieldworker and answered by the Respondent (Q1 – Q100). 3. Part 3 includes contextual questions about the setting and atmosphere of the interview, and collects information on the Fieldworker. This section is completed by the Fieldworker (Q101 – Q123).

Response rate

Outcome rates: - Contact rate: 93% - Cooperation rate: 74% - Refusal rate: 9% - Response rate: 69%

Sampling error estimates

The sample size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-3 percentage points at a 95% confidence level.

Not specified

Not specified

Abstract

The census of population and housing is designed to collect a complete count of households, dejure and defacto population. A Census of Population and Housing is defined by the United Nations as the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analysing and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specified time or times, to all persons in a designated area or the whole country. It is the primary source of information about the population of a country. It is undertaken at regular intervals, usually after ten years. The population Census is distinguished from other kinds of field surveys by its traditional background, legal sanctions, coverage, and by the whole scale of the operation and the resources normally devoted to it. A census of population and housing is the biggest national resource that acts both as an input into development programmes, and as a measure of the impact of various development programmes embarked on by Governments, NGOs and other stakeholders with development programmes in Zambia.

It provides a vital account of the impact of developmental programmes on the population in areas of education, health, economic activity, agriculture, housing and infrastructure, internal and international migration, urbanization, fertility, mortality and population growth, size, composition and distribution. It also provides an accurate and reliable record of changes in this important population attributes over time and forms the cornerstone of the country's national statistical system.

The main objective of conducting a Population Census is to enumerate all the people in the country in order to provide the Government, private organisations, individuals, and other stakeholders with the number of persons in each district, township, locality, village, etc., according to age, sex, and other characteristics. For every aspect of planning, it is essential to know the size, structure and distribution of the population of a country. This information is required for various aspects of social and economic planning. The other objectives of the census include that of; - Providing accurate and reliable information on the size, composition and distribution of the population of Zambia - Providing Information on the Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics of the population of Zambia - Providing indicators for measuring progress towards national and international development goals

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individuals, household, persons over the age of 12 years

Universe

The Census of Population and Housing covered all de jure and de facto population in the households. It excluded a) Foreign diplomatic personnel accredited to Zambia; and b) Zambian nationals accredited to foreign embassies and their family members who live with them abroad and, Zambian migrant workers and students in foreign countries who were not in the country at the time of the census.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

Complete enumeration of all persons in Zambia in 1990

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The 1990 census questionnaire included internationally agreed core topics. The questionnaire was developed in English. Among the information included in the questionnaire is that of household identification, Personal information such as membership status, sex, Age and disability. Other information includes that of migration, ethnicity and language, education, economic activity, employment status, occupation and industry. For females 12 years and over, the questionnaire had information on fertility and mortality. Household characteristics such as Source of energy (heating, lighting and cooking), ownership of assets and type of toilet facilities, is included as well as housing characteristics such as type of housing, occupancy status, housing building materials Sanitation (garbage disposal, main source of water. The questionnaire also has a section on agriculture activity.

Analysis unit

Woman, Birth, Child, Birth, Man, Household Member

Universe

Women age 15-49, Births, Children age 0-4, Men age 15-59, All persons

Kind of data

Demographic and Health Survey [hh/dhs]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Health [Zambia] and Macro International Inc.

SAMPLE UNIT: Woman SAMPLE SIZE: 8021

SAMPLE UNIT: Birth SAMPLE SIZE: 24799

SAMPLE UNIT: Child SAMPLE SIZE: 7248

SAMPLE UNIT: Man SAMPLE SIZE: 1849

SAMPLE UNIT: Member SAMPLE SIZE: 39721

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Analysis unit

Woman, Birth, Child, Man, Member

Universe

Women age 15-49, Births, Children age 0-4, Men age 15-59, All persons

Kind of data

Demographic and Household Survey [hh/dhs]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Central Statistical Office, Central Board of Health [Zambia] and ORC Macro.

SAMPLE UNIT: Woman SAMPLE SIZE: 7658

SAMPLE UNIT: Birth SAMPLE SIZE: 23805

SAMPLE UNIT: Child SAMPLE SIZE: 6877

SAMPLE UNIT: Man SAMPLE SIZE: 2145

SAMPLE UNIT: Member SAMPLE SIZE: 38089

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Dwellings, households and individuals

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Central Statistical Office

SAMPLE DESIGN: Systematic sample of every tenth private dwelling. Drawn by the Minnesota Population Center from 100% microdata.

SAMPLE UNIT: Households

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 787,461

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Single questionnaire requesting information on dwelling, household and individuals.