The 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2015 ZDHS) is the sixth in a series of Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Zimbabwe. As with prior surveys, the main objective of the 2015 ZDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility and child mortality levels; maternal mortality; fertility preferences and contraceptive use; utilization of maternal and child health services; women’s and children’s nutrition status; knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; and domestic violence. All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-54 who are usual members of the selected households and those who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible to be interviewed and for anaemia and HIV testing. All children age 6-59 months were eligible for anaemia testing, and children age 0-14 for HIV testing. In all households, height and weight measurements were recorded for children age 0-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-54. The domestic violence module was administered to one selected woman selected in each of surveyed households. The 2015 ZDHS sample is designed to yield representative information for most indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for each of Zimbabwe’s ten provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matebeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo).

The 1994 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 6,128 women age 15-49 and 2,141 men age 15-54. The ZDHS was implemented by the Central Statistical Office (CSO), with significant technical guidance provided by the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOH&CW) and the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC). Macro International Inc. (U.S.A.) provided technical assistance throughout the course of the project in the context of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme, while financial assistance was provided by the U.S, Agency for International Development (USAID/Harare). Data collection for the ZDHS was conducted from July to November 1994. As in the 1988 ZDHS, the 1994 ZDHS was designed to provide information on levels and trends in fertility, family planning knowledge and use, infant and child mortality, and maternal and child health. How- ever, the 1994 ZDHS went further, collecting data on: compliance with contraceptive pill use, knowledge and behaviours related to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and mortality related to pregnancy and childbearing (i.e., maternal mortality). The ZDHS data are intended for use by programme managers and policymakers to evaluate and improve family planning and health programmes in Zimbabwe. The primary objectives of the 1994 ZDHS were to provide up-to-date information on: fertility levels; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The 1994 ZDHS is a follow-up of the 1988 ZDHS, also implemented by CSO. While significantly expanded in scope, the 1994 ZDHS provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier survey. MAIN RESULTS FERTILITY Survey results show that Zimbabwe has experienced a fairly rapid decline in fertility over the past decade. Despite the decline in fertility, childbearing still begins early for many women. One in five women age 15-19 has begun childbearing (i.e., has already given birth or is pregnant with her first child). More than half of women have had a child before age 20. Births that occur too soon after a previous birth face higher risks of undemutrition, illness, and death. The 1994 ZDHS indicates that 12 percent of births in Zimbabwe take place less than two years after a prior birth. Marriage. The age at which women and men marry has risen slowly over the past 20 years. Nineteen percent of currently married women are in a polygynous union (i.e., their husband has at least one other wife). This represents a small rise in polygyny since the 1988 ZDHS when 17 percent of married women were in polygynous unions. Fertility Preferences. Around one-third of both women and men in Zimbabwe want no more children. The survey results show that, of births in the last three years, 1 in 10 was unwanted and in 1 in three was mistimed. If all unwanted births were avoided, the fertility rate in Zimbabwe would fall from 4.3 to 3.5 children per woman. FAMILY PLANNING Knowledge and use of family planning in Zimbabwe has continued to rise over the last several years. The 1994 ZDHS shows that virtually all married women (99 percent) and men (100 percent) were able to cite at least one modem method of contraception. Contraceptive use varies widely among geographic and socioeconomic subgroups. Fifty-eight per- cent of married women in Harare are using a modem method versus 28 percent in Manicaland. Government-sponsored providers remain the chief source of contraceptive methods in Zimbabwe. Survey results show that 15 percent of married women have an unmet need for family planning (either for spacing or limiting births). CHILDHOOD MORTALITY One of the main objectives of the ZDHS was to document the levels and trends in mortality among children under age five. The 1994 ZDHS results show that child survival prospects have not improved since the late 1980s. The ZDHS results show that childhood mortality is especially high when associated with two factors: short preceding birth interval and low level of maternal education. MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH Utilisation of antenatal services is high in Zimbabwe; in the three years before the survey, mothers received antenatal care for 93 percent of births. About 70 percent of births take place in health facilities; however, this figure varies from around 53 percent in Manicaland and Mashonaland Central to 94 percent in Bulawayo. It is important for the health of both the mother and child that trained medical personnel are available in cases of prolonged or obstructed delivery, which are major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Twenty-four percent of children under age three were reported to have had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey. Nutrition. Almost all children (99 percent) are breastfed for some period of time; When food supplementation begins, wide disparity exists in the types of food received by children in different geographic and socioecoaomic groups. Generally, children living in urban areas (Harare and Bulawayo, in particular) and children of more educated women receive protein-rich foods (e.g., meat, eggs, etc.) on a more regular basis than other children. AIDS AIDS-related Knowledge and Behaviour. All but a fraction of Zimbabwean women and men have heard of AIDS, but the quality of that knowledge is sometimes poor. Condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners were cited most frequently by both women and men as ways to avoid the AIDS Virus. While general knowledge of condoms is nearly universal among both women and men, when asked where they could get a condom, 30 Percent of women and 20 percent of men could not cite a single source.

Abstract

The Central Statistical Office (CSO) conducted the third Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) between August and November 1999. The 1999 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a nationally representative survey that was implemented by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) from August to November 1999. Although significantly expanded in content, the 1999 ZDHS is a follow-on to the 1988 and 1994 ZDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of the basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier surveys. The 1999 ZDHS was conducted in all of the ten provinces of Zimbabwe.

The 1999 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is one of a series of surveys undertaken by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme (ZNHSCP) and the worldwide MEASURE DHS+ programme. The Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC), the Department of Population Studies of the University of Zimbabwe (UZ), the National AIDS Coordinating Programme (NACP), and the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOH&CW) contributed significantly to the design, implementation, and analysis of the ZDHS results. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) provided funds for the implementation of the 1999 ZDHS. Macro International Inc. provided technical assistance through its contract with USAID. UNICEF/Zimbabwe supported the survey by providing additional funds for fieldwork transportation.

The primary objectives of the 1999 ZDHS were to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels, nuptiality, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and young children, early childhood mortality and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

The 1999 ZDHS is a follow-up of the 1988 and 1994 ZDHS surveys, also implemented by CSO. The 1999 ZDHS is significantly expanded in scope and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier surveys.

KEY RESULTS

Like the 1988 ZDHS and the 1994 ZDHS, the 1999 ZDHS was designed to provide information on levels and trends in fertility, family planning knowledge and use, infant and child mortality, and maternal and child health. Specific questions were also asked about the respondent's knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the HIV/AIDS virus and other sexually transmitted diseases. Like the1994 ZDHS, the 1999 ZDHS also collected data on mortality related to pregnancy and childbearing (i.e., maternal mortality). The ZDHS data are intended for use by programme managers and policymakers to evaluate and improve family planning and health programmes in Zimbabwe.

• Fertility. The 1988, 1994, and 1999 ZDHS results show that Zimbabwe continues to experience a fairly rapid decline in fertility.
• Marriage. The median age at first marriage in Zimbabwe has risen slowly over the past 30 years. Women age 20-24 marry about one year later than women 40-49 (19.7 years and 18.8 years, respectively). The proportion of women married by age 15 declined from 9 percent among those age 45-49 to 2 percent among women age 15-19 years.
• Polygyny. One in six women in Zimbabwe reported being in a polygynous union.
• Fertility Preferences. More than half (53 percent) of the married women in Zimbabwe would like to have another child.
• Family Planning. Since 1994, knowledge of family planning in Zimbabwe has been universal and has not varied across subgroups of the population. The pill, condoms, and injectables are the most widely known methods.
• Antenatal Care. Utilisation of antenatal services is high in Zimbabwe; in the five years before the survey, mothers received antenatal care from a trained medical professional for 93 percent of their most recent births; 13 percent from a doctor and 80 percent from a trained nurse or a midwife.
• Delivery Characteristics. In 1999, the percentage of births delivered in health facilities (72 percent) was slightly higher than the percentage recorded in the 1994 ZDHS (69 percent).
• Childhood Vaccination. Three in four children 12-23 months have been vaccinated against six diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles). Two in three children completed the vaccination schedule by the time they turned one year.
• Childhood Diseases. In the 1999 ZDHS, mothers were asked whether their children under the age of five years had been ill with a cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing in the two weeks preceding the survey.
• Childhood Mortality. Data from surveys since 1988 indicate that early childhood mortality in Zimbabwe declined until the late 1980s, after which there was stagnation and an upward trend in the past five years.
• Adult and Maternal Mortality. As in 1994, the 1999 ZDHS collected information that allows estimation of adult and maternal mortality.
• Perceived Problems in Accessing Women's Health Care. Women are sometimes perceived to have problems in seeking health care services for themselves.
• Nutrition. Breastfeeding is nearly universal in Zimbabwe; 98 percent of the children born in the past five years were breastfed at some time.
• AIDS-related Knowledge and Behaviour. Although practically all Zimbabwean women and men have heard of AIDS, the quality of that knowledge is sometimes poor; 17 percent of women and 7 percent of men could not cite a single means to avoid getting HIV/AIDS.

Geographic coverage

The 1999 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a nationally representative survey that was implemented by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) from August to November 1999. The survey was conducted in all of the ten provinces of Zimbabwe.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-54
• Children under five years

Universe

The population covered by the 1994 ZDHS is defined as the universe of all women age 15-49 in Zimbabwe and all men age 15-54 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 1999 ZDHS was the 1992 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS92) developed by the CSO after the 1992 Population Census. The same enumeration areas (EAs) of the 1994 ZDHS were used in the 1999 ZDHS. The ZMS92 included 395 enumeration areas stratified by province and land use sector. For purposes of the ZDHS, 18 sampling strata were identified: urban and rural strata for each of the eight provinces, and Harare (including Chitungwiza) and Bulawayo provinces, which are exclusively urban strata.

The sample for the 1999 ZDHS was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 230 EAs were selected with equal probability. Then, within each of these 230 EAs, a complete household listing and mapping exercise was conducted in May 1999, forming the basis for the second-stage sampling. For the listing exercise, permanent CSO enumerators were trained in listing and cartographic methods. All private households were listed. The list excluded people living in institutional households (army barracks, hospitals, police camps, etc.).

Households to be included in the ZDHS were selected from the EA household lists, with the sample being proportional to the total number of households in the EA. All women age 15-49 years in those households were eligible to be interviewed in the ZDHS. Furthermore, a 50 percent systematic subsample of these households was selected, within which interviews with all males age 15-54 years were to be conducted as well.

Since the objective of the survey was to produce estimates of specific demographic and health indicators for each of the 10 provinces, the sample design allowed for an oversample of smaller strata. The overall target sample was 6,208 women and 2,970 men. The ZDHS sample is not self-weighting at the national level (i.e., weights are required to estimate national-level indicators).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Four types of questionnaires were used for the ZDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women's Questionnaire, the Men's Questionnaire, and the Cluster Location form. The contents of these questionnaires were based on the DHS Model “A” Questionnaire, which is designed for use in countries with moderate to high levels of contraceptive use.

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors of selected households. Some basic information was collected on characteristics of each person listed, including his/her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household's dwelling units, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, and ownership of various consumer and durable goods.

b) The Women's Questionnaire was used to collect information on women age 15-49 years. These women were asked questions on the following topics: Background characteristics (education, residential history, etc.) Reproductive history Knowledge and use of family planning methods Fertility preferences Antenatal and delivery care Breastfeeding and weaning practices Vaccinations and health of children under age five Marriage and sexual activity Woman's status and husband's occupation Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases Adult mortality including maternal

Abstract

The 2010-2011 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2010-11 ZDHS) is one of a series of surveys undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme (ZNHSCP) and the worldwide MEASURE DHS programme.

The 2010-11 ZDHS is a follow-on to the 1988, 1994, 1999, and 2005-06 ZDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in these earlier surveys. Data on malaria prevention and treatment, domestic violence, anaemia, and HIV/AIDS were also collected in the 2010-11 ZDHS. In contrast to the earlier surveys, the 2010-11 ZDHS was carried out using electronic personal digital assistants (PDAs) rather than paper questionnaires for recording responses during interviews.

The primary objective of the 2010-11 ZDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels, nuptiality, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and young children, early childhood mortality and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Geographic coverage

The sample for the 2010-11 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allows for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Zimbabwe's 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo).

Analysis unit

Household, individual, adult woman, adult male,

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2010-11 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allows for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Zimbabwe’s 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo). The sampling frame used for the 2010-11 ZDHS was the 2002 Population Census.

Administratively, each province in Zimbabwe is divided into districts and each district into smaller administrative units called wards. During the 2002 Population Census, each of the wards was subdivided into enumeration areas (EAs). The 2010-11 ZDHS sample was selected using a stratified, two-stage cluster design, and EAs were the sampling units for the first stage. Overall, the sample included 406 EAs, 169 in urban areas and 237 in rural areas.

Households were the units for the second stage of sampling. A complete listing of households was carried out in each of the 406 selected EAs in July and August 2010. Maps were drawn for each of the clusters, and all private households were listed. The listing excluded institutional living facilities (e.g., army barracks, hospitals, police camps, and boarding schools). A representative sample of 10,828 households was selected for the 2010-11 ZDHS.

All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-54 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Anaemia testing was performed in each household among eligible women and men who consented to being tested. With the parent’s or guardian’s consent, children age 6-59 months were also tested for anaemia. Also, among eligible women and men who consented, blood samples were collected for laboratory testing of HIV in each household. In addition, one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2010-11 ZDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from model survey instruments developed for the MEASURE DHS project to reflect population and health issues relevant to Zimbabwe. Relevant issues were identified at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international donors. Also, more than 30 individuals representing 19 separate stakeholders attended a questionnaire design meeting on 8-9 February 2010. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into two major languages, Shona and Ndebele.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors of selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The data on age and sex obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for an individual interview. Additionally, the Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets (to assess the coverage of malaria prevention programmes).

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (age, education, media exposure, etc.) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics - Malaria prevention and treatment - Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - Adult mortality, including maternal mortality - Domestic violence

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-54 in each household in the 2010-11 ZDHS sample. The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health.

In this survey, instead of using paper questionnaires, interviewers used personal digital assistants to record responses during interviews.

Cleaning operations

In this survey, instead of using paper questionnaires, interviewers used personal digital assistants to record responses during interviews. The PDAs were equipped with Bluetooth technology to enable remote electronic transfer of files (e.g., transfer of assignment sheets from team supervisors to interviewers and transfer of completed questionnaires from interviewers to supervisors). The PDA data collection system was developed by the MEASURE DHS project using the mobile version of CSPro. CSPro is software developed jointly by the U.S. Census Bureau, the MEASURE DHS project, and Serpro S.A.

All electronic data files for the ZDHS were returned to the ZIMSTAT central office in Harare, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which involved resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. Two members of the data processing staff processed the data. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro software. Office editing and data processing were initiated in October 2010 and completed in May 2011.

Response rate

A total of 10,828 households were selected for the sample, of which 10,166 were found to be occupied during the survey fieldwork. The shortfall was largely due to members of some households being away for an extended period of time and to structures that were found to be vacant at the time of the interview. Of the 10,166 existing households, 9,756 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 96 percent. A total of 9,831 eligible women were identified in the interviewed households, and 9,171 of these women were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 93 percent. Of the 8,723 eligible men identified, 7,480 were successfully interviewed (86 percent response rate). The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible men and women was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the households. The lower response rate among men than among women was due to the more frequent and longer absences of men from the households. Nevertheless, the response rates for both women and men were higher in the 2010-11 ZDHS than in the 2005-06 ZDHS (in which response rates were 90 percent for women and 82 percent for men).

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors for the 2010-11 ZDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest.

Abstract

The 2005-2006 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2005-06 ZDHS) is one of a series of surveys undertaken by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme (ZNHSCP) and the worldwide MEASURE DHS programme. The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOH&CW), Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC), and the Musasa Project contributed significantly to the design, implementation, and analysis of the 2005-06 ZDHS results. Financial support for the 2005-06 ZDHS was provided by the government of Zimbabwe, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Demographic and Health Research Division of Macro International Inc. (Macro) provided technical assistance during all phases of the survey.

While significantly expanded in content, the 2005-06 ZDHS is a follow-on to the 1988, 1994, and 1999 ZDHS and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier surveys. In addition, data on malaria prevention and treatment, domestic violence, anaemia, and HIV/AIDS were also collected in the 2005-06 ZDHS. The primary objectives of the 2005-06 ZDHS project are to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; and awareness, behaviour, and prevalence regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-54

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2005-06 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of the 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo). The sampling frame used for the 2005-06 ZDHS was the 2002 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS02) developed by CSO after the 2002 population census. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces was stratified into four strata according to land use: communal lands, large-scale commercial farming areas (LSCFA), urban and semi-urban areas, smallscale commercial farming areas (SSCFA), and resettlement areas. Only one urban stratum was formed each for Harare and Bulawayo, providing a total of 34 strata.

A representative probability sample of 10,800 households was selected for the 2005-06 ZDHS. The sample was selected in two stages with enumeration areas (EAs) as the first stage and households as the second stage sampling units. In total 1,200 EAs were selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 census. The selection of the EAs was a systematic, one-stage operation carried out independently for each of the 34 strata. The 1,200 ZMS02 EAs were divided into three replicates of 400 EAs each. One of the replicates consisting of 400 EAs was used for the 2005-06 ZDHS. In the second stage, a complete listing of households and mapping exercise was carried out for each cluster in January 2005. The list of households obtained was used as the frame for the second stage random selection of households. The listing excluded people living in institutional households (army barracks, hospitals, police camps, boarding schools, etc.). CSO provincial supervisors also trained provincial CSO officers to use global positioning system (GPS) receivers to take the coordinates of the 2005-06 ZDHS sample clusters.

All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-54 who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2005-06 ZDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Anaemia and HIV testing was performed in each household among eligible women and men who consented to either or both tests. With the parent's or guardian's consent, children age 6-59 months were tested for anaemia in each household. In addition, a sub-sample of one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence.

Note: See detailed sample implementation summary tables in Appendix A of the Final Report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]F

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2005-06 ZDHS: a Household Questionnaire, a Women’s Questionnaire, and a Men’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Zimbabwe at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international donors. Three language versions of the questionnaires were produced: Shona, Ndebele, and English.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors of selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. If a child in the household had a parent who was sick for more than three consecutive months in the 12 months preceding the survey or a parent who had died, additional questions related to support for orphans and vulnerable children were asked. Additionally, if an adult in the household was sick for more than three consecutive months in the 12 months preceding the survey or an adult in the household died, questions were asked related to support for sick people or people who have died. The Household Questionnaire was also used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. Additionally, the Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height, weight, and haemoglobin measurements for children age 6-59 months.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (education, residential history, media exposure, etc.) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal, delivery and postnatal care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Women’s work and husband’s background characteristics - Women’s and children’s nutritional status - Domestic violence - Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - Adult mortality including maternal mortality.

As in the 1999 ZDHS, a “calendar” was used in the 2005-06 ZDHS to collect information on the respondent’s reproductive history since January 2000 concerning contraceptive method use, sources of contraception, reasons for contraceptive discontinuation, and marital unions. In addition, interviewing teams measured the height and weight of all children under the age of five years and of all women age 15-49.

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-54 in each household in the 2005-06 ZDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.

Response rate

A total of 10,752 households were selected for the sample, of which 9,778 were currently occupied. The shortfall was largely due to some households no longer existing in the sampled clusters at the time of the interview. Of the 9,778 existing households, 9,285 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 95 percent.

In the interviewed households, 9,870 eligible women were identified and, of these, 8,907 were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 90 percent. Of the 8,761 eligible men identified, 7,175 were successfully interviewed (82 percent response rate). The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible men and women was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the households. The lower response rate among men than among women was due to the more frequent and longer absences of men from the households.

Note: See summarized response rates in Table 1.3 of the Final Report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data

The Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is one of a series of surveys carried out by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme. Conducted immediately following the second round of the Intercensal Demographic survey in 1988, the objective of the ZDHS was to make available to policy-makers and planners current information on fertility and child mortality levels and trends, contraceptive knowledge, approval and use and basic indicators of maternal and child health. To obtain these data, a nationally representative sample of 4201 women 15-49 was interviewed in the survey between September 1988 and January 1989. The ZDHS is one of a series of surveys undertaken by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme (ZNHSCP). The ZDHS was conducted immediately after the second round of the Intercensal Demographic Survey (ICDS) in 1988. The main objective of the ZDHS was to provide information on: fertility levels, trends and preferences; family planning awareness, approval and use; maternal and child health, including infant and child mortality; and other topics relating to family health. The survey was designed to obtain information on family planning use similar to that provided by the 1984 Zimbabwe Reproductive Health Survey (ZRHS) and data on fertility and mortality which would complement information collected in the two rounds of the Intercensal Demographic Survey (ICDS). In addition, participation in the worldwide Demographic and Health Survey project offered an opportunity to strengthen survey capability in Zimbabwe, as well as further comparative research by contributing to the international demographic and health database.

Abstract

the Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey (MIMS), conducted by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT), formerly the Central Statistical Office (CSO), in April and May 2009, with financial and technical assistance from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The MIMS 2009 is a customised version of the third Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey1 (MICS3), which collects a broad array of valuable information on the situation of children and women in Zimbabwe. The MICS has been harmonized with other data collection efforts so that it produces internationally comparable information, which is the cornerstone of evidence-based decision making and formulation of policies, strategies and interventions, aimed at the improvement of the lives of children, women and other vulnerable groups.

The MICS uses three modular questionnaires that can be customized to fit national data needs. It measures key indicators on the following topics: nutrition, child mortality, child health, reproductive health, child development, education, child protection, HIV and AIDS, sexual behaviour and Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). In the process of customizing MICS3 to MIMS, additional non-MICS questions on household expenditure, migration, and environmental assessment were added and some modules such as child development and sexual behaviour were excluded. However, the MIMS data collection instruments remained mostly the same as the global MICS instruments to ensure comparability with national data sets such as the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) as well as data from other countries.

The MIMS was based on the need to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements such as the Millennium Declaration which enshrines the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000; the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002; the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989; and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 and the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), 2001 on the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). All these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. In signing these international agreements, governments committed themselves to improving conditions for women and children and to monitor progress towards that end. UNICEF was assigned a supporting role in this task as highlighted in Appendix Box A.

The MIMS, a customized version of the MICS3, is part of a worldwide survey program, originally developed to measure progress towards an internationally agreed set of goals that emerged from the 1990 World Summit for Children.

Specifically, the MIMS 2009 objectives were to: • collect socio-economic data that will bring out an array of information on health, human capital and well-being of the population that can be used as a baseline for development interventions; • provide decision makers with evidence on children’s and women’s rights and other vulnerable groups in Zimbabwe; • serve as a monitoring tool on almost half of all the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; and • build capacity of national partners in data collection, compilation, processing, analysis and reporting.

Geographic coverage

The MIMS 2009 was designed to estimate indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas,

Analysis unit

Household Women Children

Universe

the survey covered: - All household's members - All Women aged 15-49 years - All children under five years

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The MIMS 2009 was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the health status of women, children and other vulnerable populations at the national level, for urban and rural areas, as well as for the 10 administrative provinces in Zimbabwe namely; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo. Harare and Bulawayo provinces are predominantly urban provinces whilst the rest are predominantly rural.

The sampling frame for the MIMS was based on the 2002 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS02), developed by the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO after the 2002 Population Census. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces was stratified into four groups according to land use: (i) communal lands, (ii) large scale commercial farming areas (LSCFA), (iii) urban and semi-urban areas, and (iv) small scale commercial farming areas (SSCFA) and resettlement areas. Only one urban stratum each was formed for Harare and Bulawayo. There were a total of 34 strata for the whole country.

A representative probability sample of 12 500 households was selected for the MIMS 2009. The sample was selected in two stages with enumeration areas (EAs) as the first stage and households as the second stage sampling units. Each EA was delineated for the 2002 Population Census operations with well-defined boundaries identified on sketch maps, and the EA size was based on the expected workload for one interviewer. The EAs had an average of 100 households each, which was ideal for the survey listing operation.

In total the ZMS02 consists of 1 200 EAs selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 Population Census. The MIMS EA selection was a systematic, one-stage operation, carried out independently for each of the 34 strata. In the second stage, a complete listing of households was conducted in the 500 sample EAs for the MIMS 2009 from 23 to 28 February 2009 concurrently for the 10 provinces. The list of households obtained was used as the frame for the second stage random systematic selection of 25 households from each sample EA. Within these selected households, all women aged 15-49 years identified were eligible for individual interviews. In addition, children under five years in the selected households were also identified and either their mothers or caretakers were interviewed on their behalf and children's measurements of weight, height and Mid-Upper- Arm Circumference (MUAC) taken and oedema checked.

The sample was stratified by province and land use and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the survey as follows: • A household questionnaire was used to collect information on all de-jure and defacto household members, dwelling units, household characteristics and to identify eligible individuals for the women and children questionnaire interviews; • A woman’s questionnaire was administered in each selected household to all women aged 15-49 years; and • A questionnaire for children under five years was administered to mothers or caretakers of all children under five years living in the household.

The questionnaires were based on the MICS model questionnaire with modifications and additions. Even though the questionnaires were in English, they were translated into the various vernacular languages during interviews. Copies of the Zimbabwe MIMS questionnaires are provided in Appendix H. In addition to the administration of questionnaires, fieldwork teams measured the weights, heights and Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC) and checked oedema of children age under 5 years.

Cleaning operations

DATA PROCESSING Data was entered on 56 microcomputers by 56 data entry operators, four questionnaire administrators and four data entry supervisors using the Census and Survey Processing (CSPro) system. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and Survey Management Team as secondary editors complemented the efforts of the data entry supervisors to perform internal consistency checks. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS3 Project were adapted to the MIMS questionnaire and used throughout the processing. One week data entry training was organized for all data entry operators from 27 April to 1 May, 2009. Data entry began on 5 May two weeks after fieldwork had started and the two activities ran concurrently thereafter. Data entry was completed on 24 June, 2009 and the last ten days included secondary editing. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and the model program syntax and tabulation plans were customized for the MIMS.

QUALITY CONTROL Various quality control measures were put in place to ensure collection and dissemination of high quality data. Some of the controls used included:

Training: All interviewers were trained at one central location and this ensured that the same information and understanding of the survey objectives, instruments and filed operations were shared amongst them resulting in consistency of definitions thus ensuring collection of reliable information.

Field teams supervision: Effective office backup at the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO, head office during the data collection period enabled swift decision making in terms of handling any field work errors. A massive field presence for monitoring was mounted during the first three weeks of the

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to compare results from two approaches for estimating the effect of different factors on the risk of HIV infection and determine the best fitting model.Study design: We performed secondary data analysis on cross-sectional data which was collected from the Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS) from 2005 to 2015.Methods: Survey and cluster adjusted logistic regression was used to determine variables for use in survival analysis with HIV status as the outcome variable. Covariates found significant in the logistic regression were used in survival analysis to determine the factors associated with HIV infection over the 10 years. The data for the survival analysis were modeled assuming age at survey imputation (Model 1) and interval-censoring (Model 2).Results: Model goodness of fit test based on the Cox-Snell residuals against the cumulative hazard indicated that Model 1 was the best model. On the contrary, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) indicated that Model 2 was the best model. Factors associated with a high risk of HIV infection were being female, number of sexual partners, and having had an STI in the past year prior to the survey.Conclusion: The difference between the results from the Cox-Snell residuals graphical method and the model estimates and AIC value maybe due to the lack of adequate methods to test the goodness-of -fit of interval-censored data. We concluded that Model 2 with interval-censoring gave better estimates due to its consistency with the published results from literature. Even though we consider the interval-censoring model as the superior model with regards to our specific data, the method had its own set of limitations.

1Women aged 15–49 yrs interviewed and tested by the ZDHS who lived within 30 km of the nearest ANC site.2Women aged 15–49 yrs interviewed and tested by the ZDHS who lived within 30 km of the nearest ANC site and received ANC for their last birth in the previous three years.3Ns for individual categories may not add up to the total due to missing information.4Number of living children for women in the ZDHS sample who live within an ANC catchment area and attended ANC for the last birth has been adjusted to show parity at the time of the last ANC attendance (except for the most recent birth).*0–24 unweighted case; () 25–49 unweighted cases.

2010–11 ZDHS wealth index components compared to SHINE wealth index1.

Sensitivity analysis and agreement with SHINE wealth index.

Summary of published examples of household-level asset-based wealth indices for low-income settings.

Percentage of households possessing each asset NOT included in the SHINE index across quintiles of the SHINE wealth index1.

Principal component analysis (PCA) for SHINE wealth indices.

Abstract

The MIMS 2009 is a customised version of the third Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey1 (MICS3), which collects a broad array of valuable information on the situation of children and women in Zimbabwe. The MICS has been harmonized with other data collection efforts so that it produces internationally comparable information, which is the cornerstone of evidence-based decision making and formulation of policies, strategies and interventions, aimed at the improvement of the lives of children, women and other vulnerable groups.

The MICS uses three modular questionnaires that can be customized to fit national data needs. It measures key indicators on the following topics: nutrition, child mortality, child health, reproductive health, child development, education, child protection, HIV and AIDS, sexual behaviour and Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). In the process of customizing MICS3 to MIMS, additional non-MICS questions on household expenditure, migration, and environmental assessment were added and some modules such as child development and sexual behaviour were excluded. However, the MIMS data collection instruments remained mostly the same as the global MICS instruments to ensure comparability with national data sets such as the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) as well as data from other countries.

The MIMS was based on the need to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements such as the Millennium Declaration which enshrines the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000; the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002; the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989; and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 and the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), 2001 on the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). All these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. In signing these international agreements, governments committed themselves to improving conditions for women and children and to monitor progress towards that end.

Specifically, the MIMS 2009 objectives were to: • collect socio-economic data that will bring out an array of information on health, human capital and well-being of the population that can be used as a baseline for development interventions; • provide decision makers with evidence on children’s and women’s rights and other vulnerable groups in Zimbabwe; • serve as a monitoring tool on almost half of all the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; and • build capacity of national partners in data collection, compilation, processing, analysis and reporting.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Children under five years
• Women aged 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design The MIMS 2009 was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the health status of women, children and other vulnerable populations at the national level, for urban and rural areas, as well as for the 10 administrative provinces in Zimbabwe namely; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo. Harare and Bulawayo provinces are predominantly urban provinces whilst the rest are predominantly rural. The sampling frame for the MIMS was based on the 2002 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS02),developed by the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO after the 2002 Population Census. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces was stratified into four groups according to land use: (i) communal lands, (ii) large scale commercial farming areas (LSCFA), (iii) urban and semi-urban areas, and (iv) small scale commercial farming areas (SSCFA) and resettlement areas. Only one urban stratum each was formed for Harare and Bulawayo. There were a total of 34 strata for the whole country.

A representative probability sample of 12 500 households was selected for the MIMS 2009. The sample was selected in two stages with enumeration areas (EAs) as the first stage and households as the second stage sampling units. Each EA was delineated for the 2002 Population Census operations with well-defined boundaries identified on sketch maps, and the EA size was based on the expected workload for one interviewer. The EAs had an average of 100 households each, which was ideal for the survey listing operation.

In total the ZMS02 consists of 1 200 EAs selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 Population Census. The MIMS EA selection was a systematic, one-stage operation, carried out independently for each of the 34 strata. In the second stage, a complete listing of households was conducted in the 500 sample EAs for the MIMS 2009 from 23 to 28 February 2009 concurrently for the 10 provinces. The list of households obtained was used as the frame for the second stage random systematic selection of 25 households from each sample EA. Within these selected households, all women aged 15-49 years identified were eligible for individual interviews. In addition, children under five years in the selected households were also identified and either their mothers or caretakers were interviewed on their behalf and children's measurements of weight, height and Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC) taken and oedema checked.

The sample was stratified by province and land use and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used.

Note: Detailed sample design description can be found in Appendix B of the 2009 Zimbabwe MIMS final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the survey as follows: • A household questionnaire -- was used to collect information on all de-jure and defacto household members, dwelling units, household characteristics and to identify eligible individuals for the women and children questionnaire interviews; • A woman’s questionnaire -- was administered in each selected household to all women aged 15-49 years; and • A questionnaire for children under five years -- was administered to mothers or caretakers of all children under five years living in the household.

The questionnaires were based on the MICS model questionnaire with modifications and additions. Even though the questionnaires were in English, they were translated into the various vernacular languages during interviews.

PRE-TEST The MIMS questionnaires were pre-tested from 9 to 17 March, 2009. Ten (10) teams were formed, made up of a supervisor and five interviewers each for the pretest, after they were trained on the questionnaires. The pre-test training was conducted during the same period, for 92 participants, with 7 participants coming from each of Zimbabwe’s 10 provinces (including the provincial supervisor). The remainder were from the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO, Survey Management Team (SMT), UNICEF and the Steering and Technical Committee members who facilitated the training sessions. A pre-test was conducted in three selected localities (2 urban and 1 rural) in Harare and Mashonaland East provinces to test the entirety of survey procedures. Based on the results of the pre-test, further modifications were made to the wording and flow of the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

Data was entered on 56 microcomputers by 56 data entry operators, four questionnaire administrators and four data entry supervisors using the Census and Survey Processing (CSPro) system. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and Survey Management Team as secondary editors complemented the efforts of the data entry supervisors to perform internal consistency checks. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS3 Project were adapted to the MIMS questionnaire and used throughout the processing. One week data entry training was organized for all data entry operators from 27 April to 1 May, 2009. Data entry began on 5 May two weeks after fieldwork had started and the two activities ran concurrently thereafter. Data entry was completed on 24 June, 2009 and the last ten days included secondary editing. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and the model program syntax and tabulation plans were customized for the MIMS.

Sampling error estimates

The sample of respondents selected in the Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey results.

Calculation of Sampling Errors The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators: - Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc).

Abstract

The Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey is the main data source for the compilation of national accounts aggregates. The main objectives of the 2011/2012 PICES were to provide data on: Poverty; Income distribution of the population; Consumption level of the population; Private consumption; Consumer Price Index (CPI) weights; Living conditions of the population; Production account of agriculture (Communal Lands Small Scale Commercial Farms, Resettlement Areas, A1 and A2 farms and Large Scale Commercial Farms).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Households Individuals

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2002 Zimbabwe Population Census Master Sample frame (ZMS202) provided an area sampling frame for the 2011/12 PICES. The survey was based on a sample of 31,248 households which is representative at province and district levels. The sample design entailed two stages: selection of Enumeration Areas (EAs) as the first stage and selection of households in these EAs as the second stage. In total 2,232 EAs were selected with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), the measure of size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 Population Census. Finally the number of each of the EAs which were successfully interviewed in the 12 months of the study was 2,220 giving a covering response rate of 99.5 percent. The sample is representative of all the population in Zimbabwe residing in private households. The population living in institutions such as military barracks, prisons and hospitals was excluded from the sampling frame.

Stratification In order to increase the efficiency of the sample design for PICES 2010/11, it was important to divide the sample design for PICES 2011/12 it was important to divide the sampling frame of EAs into strata which are as homogeneous as possible. At the first sampling stage the sample EAs are selected independently within each explicit stratum. The nature of the stratification depended on the most important characteristics measured in the surveym as well as the domains of analysis. The strata was made consistent with the geographic disaggregation used in the survey tables.

The first level of stratification corresponded to the 60 administrative districts of Zimbabwe, which are the geographic domains of analysis defined for the PICES. The rural and urban areas are domains at the national level. Some of the administrative districts are completely rural or urban, while most districts have a combination of rural and urban EAs. Since many districts have relatively few urban sample EAs, it would not be effective to use explicit urban and rural stratification within each district. Instead, the sampling frame of EAs for each district was sorted first by the rural/urban code in order to provide implicit stratification. Given that the sample EAs were selected systematically with Probabilty Proportional to Size (PPS), this provided a proportional allocation of the sample within each district by rural and urban areas. The sampling frame includes codes for land-use sectors, which can also be used for implicit stratification. The following land-use sextors have been identified:

1- Communal land 2- Small scale commercial farming area 3- Large scale commercial farming area 4- Resettlement area 5- Urban council area 6- Administrative centres (districts) 7- Growth Point 8- Other Urban Area, e.g. Service Centres and Mines 9- State Land, e.g. National Parks, Safari Areas

Sections 1.4 - 1.6 of the survey report (provided as external resources) provide more information on Sample size and allocation, Sample selection and Systematic selection of EAs.

Sampling deviation

Out of a total of 30,838 households interviewed 29,765 questionnaires were fully completed. Partly completed questionnaires were excluded from the analysis as they would distort average incomes and expenditures.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

PICES 2011/2012 data was captured by the ZIMSTAT data entry unit and CSPro was used to develop data entry programmes. About 80 people were involved in data processing each month from December 2011 to the end of July 2012. These members of staff worked overtime on average for 20 days in a month. Data was captured twice by different people for purposes of verification. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was used for data processing programmes. Data cleaning was done at all stages i.e. data entry and data processing to check for the consistency of the data.

Quality Control Measures Used During Data Processing

Data processing involved coding and editing of the questionnaires and data entry. The main reason why data processing was started early was to ensure that data processing is started whilst data collection was in progress. This enabled field staff to be informed of the quality of data collection whilst they were still in the field. It was also found necessary that any queries on the data could be resolved whilst the field staff remembered what transpired. This was also deemed necessary because the number of questionnaires reveived could be checked promptly and discrepancies on the questionnaires received and those expected would be investigated immediately and resolved.

During data processing one member of staff was given 4 batches to be completed in six days. About 80 ZIMSTAT staff members were requested to work outside normal business hours on workdays and on Saturdays. The first two days were for initial entry while the other two days were for verification entry. Two persons exchanged questionnaires during the verification stage. The third stage was to check for differences between the two entries and any errors in initial entry were corrected at that stage. A clean file was then set aside to be copied by programmers at the end of each data processing exercise.

Control sheets were used for monitoring the movement of questionnaires from one person to another during the editing and data processing stage. Any errors made during the data entry were corrected and all data capture operators were informed of these errors to avoid the same errors being repeated. Furthermore, as part of quality control, the data entry programme had inbuilt quality control programmes such as the skip patterns of the questionnaire and the automatic refusal if an unknown identification code (Geocode) or inconsistent code was entered. Data Entry Supervisors also made spot checks to see work being entered while a Statistical Officer was placed in each of the data entry pools to correct any errors or inconsistencies in a process known as "online editing".

In order to check the quality of data processing ZIMSTAT staff began to generate tables to do validity checks using Population Census data for 2002 and other surveys such as Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS 2010-11). The Finscope Zimbabwe 2011 Survey Results were also used in validating the data. The validation exercise was done for both the 6 months data and the 12 months data and any deviations from the norm were investigated. An audit of the questionnaires received and processed was also done and any discrepancies were investigated and resolved. ZIMSTAT also compared the geocodes sampled and the geocodes with processed data and any differences were also corrected. As a quality control measure, a Sampling Consultant was engaged to work with ZIMSTAT PICES team to check and review the PICES weights for the 6 months data and 12 months data respectively.

Response rate

Based on a total of 29,765 households with fully completed questionnaires the response rate calculated using the original sample is 95.3 percent.

Before analysis was done it was essential to know the total number of questionnaires that were returned by the provinces. A total of 30,838 interviews were conducted and these included partially completed questionnaires. After removing the partually completed questionnaires the number of households which were successfully interviewed in the study were 29,756, giving a response rateof 95.3 percent based on the initial sample of 31,248 households. The households with partially completed questionnaires were left out from the analysis as they would distort averages for variables such as income and expenditures. The response rates were highest in Manicaland Province which had 97.9 percent, followed by Masvingo 97.1 percent. Harare province and Bulawayo province had the lowest response rates of 82.8 percent and 85.6 percent respectively. The main reason for these low response rates in Harare and Bulawayo is a large number of households who are not found at home, refusals and relocation of households to other areas within the month of the survey. This was prevalent particularly in dwelling units occupied by lodgers. The number of partly completed questionnaires was also high in urban areas. In terms of enumeration area coverage, a total of 2,220 EAs were enumerated out of a sample total of 2,232 EAs and this represented a coverage response rate of 99.5 percent of the total number of EAs sampled.