Abstract

The Census of Industrial Production (CIP) 2013 was carried out to obtain information on the structure and development of the mining, manufacturing, electricity and water and construction industries in Zimbabwe. Such statistical information is useful in economic planning, monitoring and evaluation and policy formulation.

The CIP 2013 was carried out when the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation 2013-2018 (Zim Asset) an economic blueprint for the nation, was crafted to guide national development for the 5-year period. In this respect, statistics such as value added for mining, manufacturing, electricity and water, derived from the CIP, can be used to monitor growth targets set in Zim Asset.

The main objective of the CIP was to produce statistics that include gross output, intermediate consumption and value added for use in estimating Gross Domestic Product (GDP). More specific objectives were to obtain: - the number of employees and their remuneration by functional category and gender - cost of material inputs and industrial services - quantities of fuels, electricity and water used in production - value of shipments, receipts for services and other revenues - capacity utilization - gross fixed capital formation

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Establishment

Universe

All establishment formally registered by the Registrar of Companies.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

All the establishments were targeted

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires (Manufacturing and Construction) were administered to collect the data.

Abstract

The Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) together with the Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate and Rural Resettlement (MLAWCRR) conducted the Agricultural Productivity Module (APM) as part of the Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey (PICES) 2017. The APM survey was carried out with financial and technical assistance from the World Bank. The APM provides representative estimates at the national level. The APM survey collected detailed information on agricultural production of different types of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. These smallholders formed a subsample of households that were part of the PICES 2017 survey.

The objective of the APM Survey was twofold: (1) to collect, analyse and disseminate high-quality household level data on agriculture and welfare by introducing an additional innovative module to a subsample of the PICES 2017 survey; and (2) to strengthen national capacity for the collection and analysis of policy relevant data. This was done through promoting institutional interaction between ZIMSTAT and MLAWCRR, with technical and financial support from the World Bank.

The PICES-APM is intended to complement the Agricultural and Livestock Survey (ALS) as well as other agricultural data collected by ZIMSTAT. Data from the APM also supplements data collected by the MLAWCRR through its surveillance activities. The APM survey collected data on multiple topics of relevance to smallholder farming including on food and nutrition security. The data can be used to assess constraints for raising smallholder productivity as well as for reducing vulnerability, complementing the annual survey of the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZIMVAC). Since the APM module was part of PICES 2017, information on welfare indicators such as household poverty status, education, health, housing as well as other income sources will also be available for these households. This will make it possible to assess the linkage between smallholder agricultural productivity and poverty and also to assess the impact of policy measures (e.g. a change in agricultural subsidies) on household welfare, and inform the design of better policies and programmes aimed at improving the lives of rural smallholder households in Zimbabwe.

Geographic coverage

National coverage, rural areas of 8 provinces

Analysis unit

Farming households in the smallholder agricultural sector

Universe

The survey covered small agricultural holders consisting of Communal Lands, A1 Farms, Small Scale Commercial Farms and Old Resettlement Areas. The survey excluded large scale commercial farms and urban provinces such as Harare and Bulawayo.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Agricultural Productivity Module (APM), is a nationally representative survey on agricultural productivity in Zimbabwe. The survey covers four smallholder farming sectors namely Communal Lands (CL), Small Scale Commercial Farms (SSCF), Old Resettlement Areas (ORA) and A1 Farms. The PICES 2017 was based on a sample of 32,256 households which provides representative estimates at province and district levels. A total of 2 552 households were sampled for the APM survey.

The APM is a survey of smallholder households. The data was collected from a subsample of the households that were interviewed in 2017 Poverty, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey (PICES). Information on household characteristics, education, housing, etc. for these households was collected in the main PICES data collection. The sample excluded the A2 farmers and other large-scale commercial farmers as (i) their managers and cultivators did not always live in the local area; and (ii) the large farm sizes of large scale commercial farms made them less suitable for plot size measurement.

To select the APM subsample a two-stage sample design was used. The first stage involved the selection of enumeration areas from the PICES EAs that were in the March, April, and May 2017 sample. The EAs were selected using the Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling method. The measure of size was the number of households enumerated during the 2012 population census. The PPS procedure assigns each sampling unit a specific chance to be selected in the sample before the sampling begins, and the chance is proportional to its measure of size.

The second stage involved the selection of households from a sample of PICES households using random systematic sampling method. Systematic sampling (SYS) is the selection of sampling units at a fixed interval from a list, starting from a randomly determined point. Selection is systematic because selection of the first sampling unit determines the selection of the remaining sampling units. The sample design strategy allowed for representativeness at national level as well as for Communal Lands, Small Scale Commercial Farms, A1 Farms, and Old Resettlement Areas.

The households were selected using Random Systematic Sampling (RSYS) method for EAs in APM Survey. A sample of 8 households per EA was selected from Communal Lands and Resettlement Areas and a census of all PICES households (i.e. 14 households) was taken for EAs in the A1 Farms and the Small-Scale Commercial Farms (SSCF). A reserve of four extra households was selected per EA for replacement purposes, in case a selected household in the Communal Lands and Old Resettlement Areas was not an agricultural household.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey data was collected using the questionnaires that consisted of 16 sections.

Cleaning operations

The first data entry process was done in the field. • A total of eight data entry clerks were trained on how to capture APM data. • The data entry clerks also participated in the training of enumerators’ workshop so that they get an appreciation of the questionnaire. • Each data entry clerk was attached to a provincial APM team. • The data entry template had inbuilt checks i.e. valid-value, valid-range, consistency, and missing-value alerts on each electronically captured field. • In the event that inconsistencies were identified during fieldwork, data entry would be immediately rectified while enumerators were in the field. • The second data entry and data verification were done separately after the data collection period had been completed.

Abstract

The 2010-2011 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2010-11 ZDHS) is one of a series of surveys undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme (ZNHSCP) and the worldwide MEASURE DHS programme.

The 2010-11 ZDHS is a follow-on to the 1988, 1994, 1999, and 2005-06 ZDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in these earlier surveys. Data on malaria prevention and treatment, domestic violence, anaemia, and HIV/AIDS were also collected in the 2010-11 ZDHS. In contrast to the earlier surveys, the 2010-11 ZDHS was carried out using electronic personal digital assistants (PDAs) rather than paper questionnaires for recording responses during interviews.

The primary objective of the 2010-11 ZDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels, nuptiality, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and young children, early childhood mortality and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Geographic coverage

The sample for the 2010-11 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allows for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Zimbabwe's 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo).

Analysis unit

Household, individual, adult woman, adult male,

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2010-11 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allows for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Zimbabwe’s 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo). The sampling frame used for the 2010-11 ZDHS was the 2002 Population Census.

Administratively, each province in Zimbabwe is divided into districts and each district into smaller administrative units called wards. During the 2002 Population Census, each of the wards was subdivided into enumeration areas (EAs). The 2010-11 ZDHS sample was selected using a stratified, two-stage cluster design, and EAs were the sampling units for the first stage. Overall, the sample included 406 EAs, 169 in urban areas and 237 in rural areas.

Households were the units for the second stage of sampling. A complete listing of households was carried out in each of the 406 selected EAs in July and August 2010. Maps were drawn for each of the clusters, and all private households were listed. The listing excluded institutional living facilities (e.g., army barracks, hospitals, police camps, and boarding schools). A representative sample of 10,828 households was selected for the 2010-11 ZDHS.

All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-54 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Anaemia testing was performed in each household among eligible women and men who consented to being tested. With the parent’s or guardian’s consent, children age 6-59 months were also tested for anaemia. Also, among eligible women and men who consented, blood samples were collected for laboratory testing of HIV in each household. In addition, one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2010-11 ZDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from model survey instruments developed for the MEASURE DHS project to reflect population and health issues relevant to Zimbabwe. Relevant issues were identified at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international donors. Also, more than 30 individuals representing 19 separate stakeholders attended a questionnaire design meeting on 8-9 February 2010. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into two major languages, Shona and Ndebele.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors of selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The data on age and sex obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for an individual interview. Additionally, the Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets (to assess the coverage of malaria prevention programmes).

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (age, education, media exposure, etc.) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics - Malaria prevention and treatment - Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - Adult mortality, including maternal mortality - Domestic violence

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-54 in each household in the 2010-11 ZDHS sample. The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health.

In this survey, instead of using paper questionnaires, interviewers used personal digital assistants to record responses during interviews.

Cleaning operations

In this survey, instead of using paper questionnaires, interviewers used personal digital assistants to record responses during interviews. The PDAs were equipped with Bluetooth technology to enable remote electronic transfer of files (e.g., transfer of assignment sheets from team supervisors to interviewers and transfer of completed questionnaires from interviewers to supervisors). The PDA data collection system was developed by the MEASURE DHS project using the mobile version of CSPro. CSPro is software developed jointly by the U.S. Census Bureau, the MEASURE DHS project, and Serpro S.A.

All electronic data files for the ZDHS were returned to the ZIMSTAT central office in Harare, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which involved resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. Two members of the data processing staff processed the data. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro software. Office editing and data processing were initiated in October 2010 and completed in May 2011.

Response rate

A total of 10,828 households were selected for the sample, of which 10,166 were found to be occupied during the survey fieldwork. The shortfall was largely due to members of some households being away for an extended period of time and to structures that were found to be vacant at the time of the interview. Of the 10,166 existing households, 9,756 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 96 percent. A total of 9,831 eligible women were identified in the interviewed households, and 9,171 of these women were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 93 percent. Of the 8,723 eligible men identified, 7,480 were successfully interviewed (86 percent response rate). The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible men and women was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the households. The lower response rate among men than among women was due to the more frequent and longer absences of men from the households. Nevertheless, the response rates for both women and men were higher in the 2010-11 ZDHS than in the 2005-06 ZDHS (in which response rates were 90 percent for women and 82 percent for men).

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors for the 2010-11 ZDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest.