As of 2021, Black people were more likely than those of other races to be imprisoned in the United States. In 2021, the rate of imprisonment for Black men stood at 1,807 per 100,000 of the population. For Black women, this rate stood at 62 per 100,000 of the population.

Research on incarceration has focused on prisons, but jail detention is far more common than imprisonment. Jails are local institutions that detain people before trial or incarcerate them for short sentences for low-level offenses. Research from the 1970s and 1980s viewed jails as "managing the rabble," a small and deeply disadvantaged segment of urban populations that struggled with problems of addiction, mental illness, and homelessness. The 1990s and 2000s marked a period of mass criminalization in which new styles of policing and court processing produced large numbers of criminal cases for minor crimes, concentrated in low-income communities of color. In a period of widespread criminal justice contact for minor offenses, how common is jail incarceration for minority men, particularly in poor neighborhoods? We estimate cumulative risks of jail incarceration with an administrative data file that records all jail admissions and discharges in New York City from 2008 to 2017. Although New York has a low jail incarceration rate, we find that 26.8% of Black men and 16.2% of Latino men, in contrast to only 3% of White men, in New York have been jailed by age 38 y. We also find evidence of high rates of repeated incarceration among Black men and high incarceration risks in high-poverty neighborhoods. Despite the jail's great reach in New York, we also find that the incarcerated population declined in the study period, producing a large reduction in the prevalence of jail incarceration for Black and Latino men.

This paper investigates income and wealth gaps by household incarceration history within and across racial groups using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. We study this in the context of Baltimore, Maryland using data from the 2017 Baltimore National Asset Scorecard for Communities of Color (NASCC) survey.

This statistic shows the share of the United States prison population that was Black in 2014, by state and the length of time inmates have served. In 2014, 58.7 percent of the prison population in Alabama was Black. For those inmates who had served 10 years or more, that figure rose to 67 percent.

National-level trends in racial patterns of incarceration hide the fact that different trends were happening in different kinds of places. Overall, the national Black prison admission rate leveled off after 1995 while the White rate continued to rise. Detailed investigation of types of places reveals that the national trend for Blacks hides a steep decline in Black prison admissions in a few large metropolitan areas coupled with a continued rise in other places, especially those where Blacks were a smaller percentage of the population. White prison admission rates were consistently low and relatively stable in the large metropolitan areas. The growth in White prison admission was concentrated in rural areas and smaller cities that were overwhelmingly White. These trends have not been noticed in the prior literature and require further research.

Datasets for predicted incarceration rate analysis in Figure 2. Census tract level % Black and Concentrated Disadvantage index are varied while holding all other covariates constant at either the median values for all Non-NYCHA census tracts or the median values for all NYCHA census tracts.

As of January 2024, El Salvador had the highest prisoner rate worldwide, with over 1,000 prisoners per 100,000 of the national population. Cuba, Rwanda, Turkmenistan, and American Samoa, rounded out the top five countries with the highest rate of incarceration.

Homicides in El Salvador

El Salvador is not only the country with the highest prison rate worldwide, but also the country with the highest murder rate, reaching over 50 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2023. A high number of the countries with the highest homicide rate are located in Latin America.

Prisoners in the United States

The United States is home to the largest number of prisoners worldwide. Roughly 1.8 million people were incarcerated in the U.S. at the end of 2023. In China, the estimated prison population totaled to 1.69 million people that year. Other nations had far fewer prisoners.

The largest share of the U.S. prisoners in federal correctional facilities were of African-American origin. As of 2020, there were 345,500 black, non-Hispanic prisoners, compared to 327,300 white, non-hispanic inmates. The U.S. states with the largest number of prisoners in 2022 were Texas, California and Florida.

Over 160,000 prisoners in state facilities were sentenced for rape or sexual assault, which was the most common cause of imprisonment. Second most common were murder, followed by aggravated or simple assault.

Black and Hispanic communities are disproportionately affected by both incarceration and COVID-19. The epidemiological relationship between carceral facilities and community health during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, remains largely unexamined. Using data from Cook County Jail, we examine temporal patterns in the relationship between jail cycling (i.e., arrest and processing of individuals through jails before release) and community cases of COVID-19 in Chicago ZIP codes. We use multivariate regression analyses and a machine-learning tool, elastic regression, with 1,706 demographic control variables. We find that for each arrested individual cycled through Cook County Jail in March 2020, five additional cases of COVID-19 in their ZIP code of residence are independently attributable to the jail as of August. A total 86% of this additional disease burden is borne by majority-Black and/or -Hispanic ZIPs, accounting for 17% of cumulative COVID-19 cases in these ZIPs, 6% in majority-White ZIPs, and 13% across all ZIPs. Jail cycling in March alone can independently account for 21% of racial COVID-19 disparities in Chicago as of August 2020. Relative to all demographic variables in our analysis, jail cycling is the strongest predictor of COVID-19 rates, considerably exceeding poverty, race, and population density, for example. Arrest and incarceration policies appear to be increasing COVID-19 incidence in communities. Our data suggest that jails function as infectious disease multipliers and epidemiological pumps that are especially affecting marginalized communities. Given disproportionate policing and incarceration of racialized residents nationally, the criminal punishment system may explain a large proportion of racial COVID-19 disparities noted across the United States.

Data was collected for each of the 50 states from the year 2019. For each state, the following information is given: total population, total White population, total Black population, total Hispanic population, median household income, total prison population, total parole population, total amount of law enforcement employees, the violent crime rate, and the GDP.

African American Achievements

The data this week comes from Wikipedia & Wikipedia. This will be a celebration of Black Lives, their achievements, and many of their battles against racism across their lives. This is in emphasis that Black Lives Matter and we're focusing on a celebration of these lives. Each of those Wikipedia articles above have additional details and sub-links that are highly worth reading through.

For additional datasets related to describing racial problems that still exist in the US, please see a few of our previous #TidyTuesday datasets: Note, if you decide to use these datasets please read through the source material to better understand the nuance behind the data.

• School Diversity
• Vera Institute Incarceration Trends
• The Stanford Open Policing Project

The article for this week is the obituary for David Blackwell - Fought racism; became world famous statistician.

There is currently a petition to rename the Fisher Lectureship after David Blackwell.

The R.A. Fisher Lectureship, established in 1963, is awarded annually to a statistician in recognition of outstanding contributions to aspects of statistics and probability that closely relate to the scientific collection and interpretation of data. Fisher was a prominent proponent of Eugenics and additionally: In 1950, Fisher opposed UNESCO's The Race Question, believing that evidence and everyday experience showed that human groups differ profoundly "in their innate capacity for intellectual and emotional development" and concluded that the "practical international problem is that of learning to share the resources of this planet amicably with persons of materially different nature", and that "this problem is being obscured by entirely well-intentioned efforts to minimize the real differences that exist". The revised statement titled "The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry" (1951) was accompanied by Fisher's dissenting commentary.

By honoring Fisher we dishonor the entire field of Statistics.

Please consider contributing to this petition.

We'd also like to take the chance to highlight a few potential projects to support or get involved with:

Data for Black Lives

Data for Black Lives is a movement of activists, organizers, and mathematicians committed to the mission of using data science to create concrete and measurable change in the lives of Black people. Since the advent of computing, big data and algorithms have penetrated virtually every aspect of our social and economic lives. These new data systems have tremendous potential to empower communities of color. Tools like statistical modeling, data visualization, and crowd-sourcing, in the right hands, are powerful instruments for fighting bias, building progressive movements, and promoting civic engagement.

But history tells a different story, one in which data is too often wielded as an instrument of oppression, reinforcing inequality and perpetuating injustice. Redlining was a data-driven enterprise that resulted in the systematic exclusion of Black communities from key financial services. More recent trends like predictive policing, risk-based sentencing, and predatory lending are troubling variations on the same theme. Today, discrimination is a high-tech enterprise.

Black Girls Code

Black Girls CODE is devoted to showing the world that black girls can code, and do so much more. By reaching out to the community through workshops and after school programs, Black Girls CODE introduces computer coding lessons to young girls from underrepresented communities in programming languages such as Scratch or Ruby on Rails. Black Girls CODE has set out to prove to the world that girls of every color have the skills to become the programmers of tomorrow. By promoting classes and programs we hope to grow the number of women of color working in technology and give underprivileged girls a chance to become the masters of their technological worlds. Black Girls CODE's ultimate goal is to provide African-American youth with the skills to occupy some of the 1.4 million computing job openings expected to be available in the U.S. by 2020, and to train 1 million girls by 2040.

Black in AI

Black in AI (BAI) is a multi-institutional, transcontinental initiative designed to create a place for sharing ideas, fostering collaborations, and discussing initiatives to increase the presence of Black individuals in the field of AI. To this end, we hold an annual technical workshop series, run mentoring programs, and maintain various fora for fostering partnerships and collaborations.

The firsts.csv dataset has 479 records of African-Americans breaking the color barrier across a wide range of topics. The raw text has been adapted from Wikipedia to highlight:

• The year of the event
• The role/action/topic
• The person or people involved
• Addition of gender
• A category of topics

The science.csv dataset also celebrates the achievements of African-Americans, specifically related to Patents and Scientific achievements. One of the amazing scientists present in this dataset is David Blackwell - an African-American Mathematician and Statistician with significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and Bayesian statistics. There is currently a proposal to rename the Fisher Lectureship award after David Blackwell as mentioned above..

What is Tidy Tuesday?

TidyTuesday A weekly data project aimed at the R ecosystem. As this project was borne out of the R4DS Online Learning Community and the R for Data Science textbook, an emphasis was placed on understanding how to summarize and arrange data to make meaningful charts with ggplot2, tidyr, dplyr, and other tools in the tidyverse ecosystem. However, any code-based methodology is welcome - just please remember to share the code used to generate the results.

Join the R4DS Online Learning Community in the weekly #TidyTuesday event! Every week we post a raw dataset, a chart or article related to that dataset, and ask you to explore the data. While the dataset will be “tamed”, it will not always be tidy!

We will have many sources of data and want to emphasize that no causation is implied. There are various moderating variables that affect all data, many of which might not have been captured in these datasets. As such, our guidelines are to use the data provided to practice your data tidying and plotting techniques. Participants are invited to consider for themselves what nuancing factors might underlie these relationships.

The intent of Tidy Tuesday is to provide a safe and supportive forum for individuals to practice their wrangling and data visualization skills independent of drawing conclusions. While we understand that the two are related, the focus of this practice is purely on building skills with real-world data.

Experimental research on racial attitudes examines how Whites’ stereotypes of Black Americans shape their attitudes about the death penalty, violent crime, and other punitive measures. Marginally discussed in the race-to-crime literature are Blacks’ perceptions of retribution and justice. We fill this void by using an original survey experiment of 900 Black Americans to examine how exposure to intra-and-intergroup violent crime shapes their policy attitudes and emotional reactions to crime. We find that Blacks are more likely to support increased prison sentences for violent crimes when the perpetrator is White and the victim is Black, and reduced sentences for “Black-on-Black” crime. Our analyses further reveal that Black people express higher levels of anger when the victim is Black and the perpetrator is White; levels of shame and anger also increase in instances of Black-on-Black crime. Given current race relations in America, we conclude by speculating about how these emotional reactions might shape one’s willingness to participate in the political arena.

Although recent studies suggest that 13% of young adults, including at least one-fourth of African Americans, experience parental incarceration, little research has examined links between parental incarceration and physical health. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1994-2008) and gender-based theories of stress, the authors examined whether parental incarceration is associated with increased body mass index among women but not men. Panel analysis spanning adolescence and adulthood, controlling for stressful life events, internalizing behaviors, and a range of individual, familial, and neighborhood characteristics, reveals that body mass index for women who have experienced parental incarceration is 0.49 units (P < 0.004) higher than that for women whose parents have never been incarcerated. This association is not evident among men. Similarly, in change score models between waves II and IV, women experiencing parental incarceration have a 0.92-unit increase in body mass index (P < 0.026) relative to women who did not have a parent undergo incarceration. In supplemental analysis examining if gender differences in incarceration stress response (externalizing vs. internalizing) explain these findings, the authors found that obesity status moderates the relation between depression and parental incarceration. Results suggest a stress internalization process that, for the first time, links parental incarceration with obesity among women.

According to a survey conducted in 2021, 54 percent of Black adults said that the prison system needs to be completely rebuilt to treat Black people fairly in the United States while 33 percent said that the prison system requires major changes.

Although empirical studies have concluded that political leaders in democratic systems often respond to mass unrest by expanding the welfare state, most of this research fails to explain adequately why the state responds as it does. I test the validity of pluralist and social control theories of state response by examining black insurgency in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. Using pooled time-series analysis, I estimate the relationship between state AFDC recipient rates, state incarceration rates, and black political violence, testing a series of specific hypotheses that distinguish between these two competing theories. The results lend much support to the social control characterization of state response and may help explain trends in welfare and criminal justice policies over the last two decades.

Snapshot img

The prison management systems market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 5.45% between 2022 and 2027. The size of the market is forecast to increase by USD 350.64 million. The growth of the market depends on several factors, including innovative upgrades to software, the pricing strategies of vendors, and the increased adoption of cloud-based prison management software.

This report extensively covers market segmentation by deployment (on-premise and cloud-based), component (solution and services), and geography (North America, Europe, APAC, Middle East and Africa, and South America). It also includes an in-depth analysis of drivers, trends, and challenges. Furthermore, the report includes historic market data from 2017 to 2021.

What will be the size of the Prison Management Systems Market During the Forecast Period?

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Parent Market Analysis

Technavio categorizes the global prison management systems market as a part of the global application software market within the global information technology (IT) software market.The parent global IT software market covers companies that are engaged in developing and producing application and system software. It also includes companies offering database management software. Our research report has extensively covered external factors influencing the parent market growth during the forecast period.

Prison Management Systems Market: Key Drivers, Trends, Challenges, and Customer Landscape

The innovative upgrades to the software are notably driving the market growth, although factors such as the high implementation and maintenance costs may impede the market growth. Our researchers analyzed the data with 2022 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

Key Prison Management Systems Market Driver

Innovative upgrades to the software are the key factor driving the global prison management systems market growth. Traditional prison management systems are used to store, track and manage criminal records. Today's jail management systems are designed to help police officers and sheriffs do more. These integrated systems allow officers to use analytics and solve crimes in less time. Vendors like Tyler Technologies and Spillman Technologies have helped redefine the law enforcement platform. These companies have combined analytics with traditional prison management systems in new ways.

Moreover, some vendors are partnering with cloud-service providers for the development of new software. For instance, Black Creek Integrated Systems announced its partnership with Mark43 for the development of a cost-efficient jail management software that meets the needs of the jails. Such new upgradation will drive the global prison management systems market growth during the forecast period.

Significant Prison Management Systems Market Trend

Increasing government expenditure on public safety is the primary trend in the global prison management systems market growth. The growing threat of terrorism, prison security problems and the need to reduce crime are forcing governments to increase their spending on prison management systems. State organizations have begun implementing security solutions in all major prisons to monitor activity both inside and outside the border. Jail Management helps secure their departmental area or building better than other authentication solutions.

For instance, in the US, the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) continues to develop and deploy automated health information management systems that meet interoperability and security requirements issued by the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology. Also, in 2019, the BOP launched a laboratory information system that helps reduce medical errors and expedites the availability of lab results for timely clinical decisions and care. Therefore, it is expected that demand for prison management systems will increase during the forecast period.

Major Prison Management Systems Market Challenge

High implementation and maintenance cost is a major challenge to the global prison management systems market growth. The high cost of deploying on-premises prison management software is one of the major challenges in the market for small-sized prisons. The price of prison management software includes the cost of software licensing, system design and customization, implementation, training, and maintenance. An organization that has purchased the software requires IT, staff, with the relevant expertise for the successful implementation of the software. Implementation of prison management software requires self-assessment, planning, adequate funding, clear vision, and cooperation at all managerial levels.

Enterprises also need to train their employees to use the ap

On 31 March 2020, 92.3% of prison officers in England and Wales were White, and 7.7% were from Asian, Black, Mixed and Other ethnic groups.

Satisfaction with life (1); quality of life (1); outlook on future (1); importance of values (9); feeling of control over life (3); morality of acts (4); stress (1); concern about situations (9); family life (14); time spent with children (8); involvement in discipline of children (1); expressiveness of affection towards children (1); reasons for not seeing children as often as preferred (6); satisfaction with financial support given to children (2); involvement in grandchildren's lives (1); primary responsibility for grandchildren (1); well-being of groups (4); black men in America (10); employment status (1); feeling of need to change look/act to fit in with white coworkers (2); obstacles advancing in the workplace (3); problems for black men (10); bias in America's economic system (2); reasons for declination of marriage rates of black people (4); reasons for black women being more educated/making more money than black men (4); black men's respect for black women (2); statements black parents should/should not tell their sons (4); life experiences (20); reasons for higher rates of imprisonment of black men (7); contact with black men (1); imprisonment (3); homeowner status (1); service to the Armed Forces/Reserves (1); religion (3); health (3).