This study employed a composite questionnaire comprising four adapted scales designed to assess students’ behavioral, emotional, and cognitive reading engagement as well as their perceptions of teacher support in college blended reading classrooms.
A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 300 college students from Z University, which is located in Z Province, China. The utilization of the sample, data, and data analysis procedure of the present study has been approved by the medical ethics committee of Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. The participants consisted of sophomore and junior students from various majors, all enrolled in parallel classes of either College English III or College English IV instructed by the same teacher.
The questionnaire employed in this study was administered digitally through the WJX online survey platform (https://www.wjx.cn/), which is a widely used and reliable data collection tool in pedagogical research. Distribution occurred during the concluding weeks of the fall semester in 2022, ensuring that the participants had sufficient experience with the blended reading environment to provide informed responses.

IntroductionCoronavirus (COVID-19) instigated unprecedented global effects on healthcare systems, economies, employment, education, travel, and social lives. In addition to increased mental health challenges, pandemic restrictions have triggered emerging cognitive concerns. University students are at particularly high risk of adverse lockdown-related effects, yet despite the substantial adaptions to learning necessitated by COVID-19, limited research has so far focused on the cognitive consequences of the pandemic among university students. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the nature, prevalence, and correlates of subjective cognitive concerns among 972 students (Median age = 22 years, 70% female) enrolled at Monash University, Australia, in December 2020.MethodsStudents completed the online THRIVE@Monash survey, 5 weeks following prolonged lockdown in Melbourne. Using group comparisons and hierarchical binary logistic regression analyses, we examined associations between demographic and enrolment characteristics, COVID-19-related experiences and impacts (author-developed questions), self-reported anxiety and depression symptoms (PROMIS Anxiety and Depression scales), and students’ perceived changes in everyday cognitive functions (author-developed questions).ResultsOver 60% of students reported subjective cognitive concerns (SCCs). After controlling for anxiety and depression symptoms, students reporting more SCCs were more likely to be younger, from White/European ethnic backgrounds, and in their first year of undergraduate study. No differences in SCCs were found between male and female students. Greater worry, anxiety, or stress related to COVID-19 (e.g., infection, leaving the house, hygiene and exposure prevention, impact on physical and mental health), and time spent reading or talking about COVID-19, were generally not associated with SCCs after controlling for anxiety and depression symptoms.DiscussionThese findings highlight vulnerable subgroups of students who might benefit from regular monitoring, education, and interventions to support their cognitive health during the pandemic and beyond. In addition, cognitive concerns may provide additional insight into mental health problems among students, and emphasize the importance of understanding factors that impact students’ long-term academic and career success.

University students are the most employed category of participants in cognitive research. However, researchers cannot fully control what their participants do the night before the experiments (e.g., consumption of alcohol) and, unless the experiment specifically concerns the effects of alcohol consumption, they often do not ask about it. Despite previous studies demonstrating that alcohol consumption leads to decrements in next-day cognitive abilities, the potential confounding effect of hangover on the validity of cognitive research has never been addressed. To address this issue, in the present study, a test-retest design was used, with two groups of university students: at T0, one group was constituted by hungover participants, while the other group was constituted by non-hungover participants; at T1, both groups were re-tested in a non-hangover state. In particular, the tests used were two versions of a parity judgment task and an arithmetic verification task. The results highlight that: (a) the response times of university students experiencing a hangover are significantly slower than those of non-hangover students and (b) the response times of hungover students are slower than those of the same students when re-tested in a non-hangover state. Additionally, it was also observed that the prevalence of hungover students in the university campus varies depending on the day of the week, with a greater chance of enrolling hungover participants on specific days. In light of the latter result, the recruitment of university students as participants in cognitive experiments might lead researchers to erroneously attribute their results to the variables they are manipulating, ignoring the effects of the potential hangover state.

As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, the Global Private Tutoring Market size will be USD 171.89 Billion by 2028. The Global Private Tutoring Industry's Compound Annual Growth Rate will be 8.52% from 2023 to 2030.

The Elementary Revenue is estimated to reach at USD 19.27 Billion in 2028
The Online Revenue in Private Tutoring is expected to reach USD 71.38 Billion in 2028.
The North America Private Tutoring market size is estimated to reach at USD 59.84 Billion in 2028.

Market Drivers For Private Tutoring

Increasing competition level among students

In school most of the students lose their attention or inspiration to learn due to many reasons. This can seriously affect the grades of the students. Similarly, nowadays competitive attitude of being topper and securing better marks than other competitors has been increased. It necessitates the best guidance to remain topper.

This competition assists a large number of students in preparing for real-life situations. Similarly, participating in competitions such as study, curriculum activities, exams, and competitive exams provides students with varied information and achievement. The ideal guideline will boost students' self-confidence in a variety of ways.

Moreover, with the global job market becoming more competitive, parents are becoming increasingly concerned about their children's grades. Numerous parents think that the academic subjects such as mathematics and science play an important role in aspiring jobs. According to the Global Education Census Report 2018, the most common subject privately tutored, is mathematics, with two-thirds of students (66%) taking it, followed by physics (43%).

Hence, spending on private tutoring of the students is increasing across the globe. University of Toronto surveyed that, in Canada, since 2002, about 25 percent of parents have purchased tutoring for their children, in 2015 the proportion rose to 35 percent.

According to the Global Education Census Report 2018, private tuition outside of school hours is increasingly prevalent throughout the world: four out of ten students (43%) indicate they have a private tutor or coach outside of school hours. In China (57%) and India (55%) it is rising to more than five out of ten.

Besides this, the growing number of students appearing for competitive exam and entrance exam are increasing year by year. University of California, San Francisco hosts about 11,000 students with 6,700 undergraduates. 73% of the total population comes from California while the rest are from other parts of the world. To gain admission in these types of colleges student needs to clear high cut off marks. Therefore, it is important to provide the best teaching guideline to the students for a better future which raises the demand for private tutoring.

Thus, increasing competition level among students drives the demand for private tutoring in United States as well as across the globe.

Restraints for Private Tutoring Market

Unregulated fee structure.(Access Detailed Analysis in the Full Report Version)

Opportunities for Private Tutoring Market

Availability of various private tutoring through online sales channels.(Access Detailed Analysis in the Full Report Version)

What is Private Tutoring?

Private tutoring is referred to the educational or non-education learning in addition to the school activities. It generally takes place after school hours or in weekends. The main objective of the private tutoring is to work with student and to help student improve in the area where they are particularly struggling or facing the challenge.

The person who helps children to improve is referred as the private tutor. Private tutoring takes place either through online platform or physically. The tutoring is design and based to address the different needs associated with curriculum, test-preparations and extra-curricular activities.

Private tutoring is associated with several advantages such as elimination of distraction, focused on specific areas, encourage student's enthusiasm, confidence and self-esteem which help student not only to score good grades academically but also improve them in extracurricular activities.

With the enhancing competitive parenting, desire to provide best education to children and failure of standard school to focus on each student with the special focuses on t...

Global Online Anger Management Class market size is expected to reach $5.70 billion by 2029 at 14.6%, segmented as by type, cognitive behavioral therapy anger management class, mindfulness-based anger management class, other types

Connections between our findings and the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) model.

Work and intellectually fatiguing environments can significantly influence the health of individuals, which is strictly bound to motor efficiency. In particular, desk workers and university students may have a sedentary lifestyle and a condition of mental fatigue caused by daily routine, which could impair motor efficiency. The assessment is a starting point for enhancing awareness of the individual’s psychophysical condition through the perception of one’s body motor efficiency, motivating to move towards improvement. This way, a submaximal test based on perceived exertion was developed (Cubo Fitness Test, CFT) and validated in previous studies. Hence, two further studies were employed to enhance the consistency and accuracy of this instrument in different conditions. The first study investigated the internal responsiveness of CFT, evaluating if mental fatigue could affect motor efficiency. The second study investigated which perceived intensity (weak, moderate, strong, or absolute maximum) could be more reliable for applying the CFT (as previous research focused the investigation only on moderate intensity). In the first investigation, participants assessed two stimuli (mental fatigue induced with a Stroop color-word task and a neutral condition based on the vision of a documentary) lasting 60 min each. The quality of psychophysical recovery (total quality recovery) and the mood state (Italian Mood State questionnaire) were evaluated before the stimuli. After the fatiguing or the neutral task, the mood state was newly assessed, together with the evaluation of the workload’s characteristics (Nasa TLX) and the CFT motor efficiency. In the second investigation, participants had to perform CFT twice for each at different intensities of Borg’s Scale of perceived exertion. Researchers successfully requested to fill out the NASA TLX questionnaire regarding the perceived workload characteristics of CFT, and the reliability of each intensity was assessed. Results seem to enhance the consistency and the accuracy of the instrument. Indeed, findings evidenced that CFT is not influenced by mental fatigue conditions typical of the intellectual work of desk workers and university students for which this test was specifically conceived. Moreover, moderate and strong perceived intensity are the most adequate conditions to assess motor efficiency in these populations.